ASTM D4439-11
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
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Designation: D4439 − 11
StandardTerminology for
1
Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
absorption, n—theprocessbywhichaliquidisdrawnintoand chemical resistance, n—the ability to resist chemical attack.
tendstofillpermeableporesinaporoussolidbody,also,the D5322
increase in mass of a porous solid body resulting from
clogging, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles
penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125
move into and are retained in the openings of the fabric,
aerobic, n—aconditioninwhichameasurablevolumeofairis thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439
present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987
clogging potential, n—in geotextiles, the tendency for a given
geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that
anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable volume of
air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987 haveeitherlodgedinthegeotextileopeningsorhavebuiltup
a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D5101
apparent opening size (AOS), O , n—for a geotextile, a
95
compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), n—thickness under a
property which indicates the approximate largest particle
specified stress applied normal to the material. D4439
that would effectively pass through the geotextile. D4751
constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), n—a
atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a
testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load
relative humidity between 50 to 70% and a temperature of
being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the
21 6 2°C (70° 6 4°F). D4439, D4751, D5494
first 3 s. D4439
back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced in the
corresponding force, n—synonym for force at specified
reverse direction to the flow direction. D1987
elongation. D4885
basis weight—deprecated term (do not use in the sense of
coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory sample from
mass per unit area). D4439
which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D5747
bend, vt—in mechanics, to force an object from its natural or
creep, n—the time-dependent increase in accumulative strain
manufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature.
inamaterialresultingfromanappliedconstantforce. D5262
D4439
critical height (ch), n—themaximumexposedheightofacone
blinding, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles
or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a
block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing
geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given
the hydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439
period of time. D5514
biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other
cross-machine direction, n—the direction in the plane of the
microorganisms. D1987
fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture. D4632
breaking force, (F), J, n—the force at failure. D4885
−3 3
density (ρ, (ML ), kg/m ), n—mass per unit volume. D4439
breaking load, n—the maximum force applied to a specimen
design load—the load at which the geosynthetic is required to
in a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632
operate in order to perform its intended function. D5262
−1 −2
breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the
elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the stress intensity at which
actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
stress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-
D4595, D4885
ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress within
which a material will return to its original size and shape
when the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35on Geosynthetics and is the
D4885
direct responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011 PublishedOctober 2011. Originally
elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4439–04. DOI:
10.1520/D4439-11. breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4439 − 11
failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
tobefunctionallycapableofitsintendeduse. D4885, D5262 solution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491, D4595,
D4716, D4751
failure, n—in testing geosynthetics,waterorairpressureinthe
te
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4439–04 Designation: D4439 – 11
Standard Terminology for
1
Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
absorption, n—the process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, the
increase in mass of a porous solid body resulting from penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125
aerobic, n—a condition in which a measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987
anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987
apparent opening size (AOS), O , n—for a geotextile, a property which indicates the approximate largest particle that would
95
effectively pass through the geotextile. D4751
atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70% and a temperature of 21 6
2°C (70° 6 4°F). D4439, D4751, D5494
back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced in the reverse direction to the flow direction. D1987
basis weight—deprecated term (do not use in the sense of mass per unit area). D4439
bend, vt—in mechanics, to force an object from its natural or manufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature.
D4439
blinding, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing the
hydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439
biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. D1987
breaking force, (F), J, n—the force at failure. D4885
breaking load, n—the maximum force applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632
−1 −2
breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. D4595,
D4885
chemical resistance, n—the ability to resist chemical attack. D5322
clogging, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles move into and are retained in the openings of the fabric, thereby
reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439
clogging potential, n—in geotextiles, the tendency for a given geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that have
either lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D5101
compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), n—thickness under a specified stress applied normal to the material. D4439
constant-rate-of-loadtensiletestingmachine(CRL), n—atestingmachineinwhichtherateofincreaseoftheloadbeingapplied
to the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3 s. D4439
corresponding force, n—synonym for force at specified elongation. D4885
coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D5747
creep, n—the time-dependent increase in accumulative strain in a material resulting from an applied constant force. D5262
criticalheight (ch), n—the maximum exposed height of a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a geosynthetic
at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given period of time. D5514
cross-machine direction, n—the direction in the plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture. D4632
−3 3
density (r, (ML ), kg/m ), n—mass per unit volume. D4439
design load—the load at which the geosynthetic is required to operate in order to perform its intended function. D5262
elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the stress intensity at which stress and deformation of a material subjected to an increasing force
cease to be proportional; the limit of stress within which a material will return to its original size and shape when the force is
removed, and hence, not a permanent set. D4885
elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632
failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases to be functionally capable of its intended use. D4885, D5262
failure, n—in testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D5514
flexible polypropylene, n—a material having a 2% secant modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by Test
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
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