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ASTM D1657-12e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The density or relative density of light hydrocarbons and liquefied petroleum gases is used in custody transfer quantity calculations or to satisfy transportation, storage, and regulatory requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi).  
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for materials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type of equipment. Higher pressures can apply to other equipment designs.  
1.3 The initial pressure hydrometer readings obtained are uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measurements. Readings are measured on a hydrometer at either the reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, and readings are corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects and to the reference temperature by means of calculations and Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.  
1.4 Values determined as density or relative density can be converted to equivalent values in the other units or alternative reference temperatures by means of Interconversion Procedures API MPMS  Chapter 11.5, or Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.  
1.5 The calculations required in Section 11 shall be applied to the initial pressure hydrometer reading with observations and results reported as required by Section 11 prior to use in a subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume determination).  
1.6 Annex A1 contains a procedure for verifying or certifying the equipment for this test method.  
1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. US Customary values shown in adjacent parentheses are for information only and may not be exactly equivalent. Both SI and customary units have been rounded so that they may not be exactly equivalent.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2012
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1657-12 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2598-21 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Certain Physical Properties of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases from Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM E126-19 - Standard Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM Hydrometers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1835-22 - Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2426-23 - Standard Test Method for Butadiene Dimer and Styrene in Butadiene Concentrates by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012

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ASTM D1657-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure HydrometerASTM D1657-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
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ASTM D1657-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D1657 − 12
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 9.2
Standard Test Method for
Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by
1
Pressure Hydrometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Corrected API MPMS naming convention throughout editorially in October 2012.
1. Scope* subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket
calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
determination).
or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied
petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding 1.6 AnnexA1 contains a procedure for verifying or certify-
101.325 kPa (14.696 psi). ing the equipment for this test method.
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for mate- 1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
rials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at US Customary values shown in adjacent parentheses are for
the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type information only and may not be exactly equivalent. Both SI
of equipment. Higher pressures can apply to other equipment andcustomaryunitshavebeenroundedsothattheymaynotbe
designs. exactly equivalent.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.3 The initial pressure hydrometer readings obtained are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measure-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ments. Readings are measured on a hydrometer at either the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
reference temperature or at another convenient temperature,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and readings are corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal
glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects
2. Referenced Documents
and to the reference temperature by means of calculations and
2
Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(API MPMS Chapter 11.1) orAPI MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
TP-27), as applicable.
D1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
Gases, Manual Method
1.4 Values determined as density or relative density can be
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
converted to equivalent values in the other units or alternative
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
reference temperatures by means of Interconversion Proce-
ucts by Hydrometer Method (API MPMS Chapter 9.1)
duresAPI MPMS Chapter 11.5, orAdjunct to D1250 Guide for
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.
3
2.2 API Standards:
1.5 The calculations required in Section 11 shall be applied
MPMS Chapter 9.1 Test Method for Density, Relative
to the initial pressure hydrometer reading with observations
Density, and API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
and results reported as required by Section 11 prior to use in a
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method (ASTM Test
Method D1298)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum
2
Measurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 /COMQ, the For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(Joint ASTM-API). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1657–02(2007). Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,
DOI: 10.1520/D1657-12E01. Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
© Jointly copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA and the American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street NW, Washington DC 20005, USA
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D1657 − 12
MPMS Chapter 11.1 Temperature and Pressure Volum
...

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5.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of light and medium petroleum distillate fractions provides an insight into the composition of feed stocks and products related to petroleum refining process, This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. This test method is applicable to petroleum distillates having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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Standard Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing Laboratories

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4.1 A petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants testing laboratory plays a crucial role in product quality management and customer satisfaction. It is essential for a laboratory to provide quality data. This document provides guidance for establishing and maintaining a quality management system in a laboratory.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the establishment and maintenance of the essentials of a quality management system in laboratories engaged in the analysis of petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice D6299.
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ASTM D1159-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
5.2 The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.
SCOPE
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1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
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1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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5.1 The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
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5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range can indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the color of refined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.  
Note 1: For determining the color of petroleum products darker than Saybolt Color − 16, see Test Method D1500.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
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ASTM D7152-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
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ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    35 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off