ASTM E2007-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Computed Radiography
Standard Guide for Computed Radiography
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended as a source of tutorial and reference information that can be used during establishment of computed radiography techniques and procedures by qualified CR personnel for specific applications. All materials presented within this guide may not be suited for all levels of computed radiographic personnel.
This guide is intended to build upon an established basic knowledge of radiographic fundamentals (that is, film systems) as may be found in Guide E 94. Similarly, materials presented within this guide are not intended as “all-inclusive” but are intended to address basic CR topics and issues that complement a general knowledge of computed radiography as described in 1.2 and 4.3.
Materials presented within this guide may be useful in the development of end-user training programs designed by qualified CR personnel or activities that perform similar functions. Computed radiography is considered a rapidly advancing inspection technology that will require the user maintain knowledge of the latest CR apparatus and technique innovations. The REFERENCES section of this guide contains technical reference materials that may be useful in further advancement of knowledge associated with computed radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the fundamental and physical principles of computed radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of the limitations that are typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of section 1.2.
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may be found in Practice E 2033. Technical qualification attributes for CR systems may be found in Practice E 2445. Criteria for classification of CR system technical performance levels may be found in Practice E 2446. Reference Images Standard E 2422 contains digital reference acceptance illustrations.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2007 – 08
Standard Guide for
1
Computed Radiography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regard-
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
ing the fundamental and physical principles of computed
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
the limitations that are typically encountered during the estab-
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness
lishmentoftechniquesandbasicimageprocessingmethodsare
in Radiology
also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques
E2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable
or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applica-
Luminescence Method)
tions. Information presented within this guide may be useful in
E2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in
conjunction with those standards of section 1.2.
Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may
E2422 Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Alumi-
be found in Practice E2033. Technical qualification attributes
num Castings
for CR systems may be found in Practice E2445. Criteria for
E2445 Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability
classification of CR system technical performance levels may
of Computed Radiology Systems
be found in Practice E2446. Reference Images Standard E2422
E2446 Practice for Classification of Computed Radiology
contains digital reference acceptance illustrations.
Systems
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
2.2 SMPTE Standard:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
RP133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
PatternforTelevisionMonitorsandHard-CopyRecording
and are not considered standard.
3
Cameras
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Unless otherwise provided within this standard guide,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
terminology is in accordance with Terminology E1316.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.1 aliasing—artifacts that appear in an image when the
2
spatial frequency of the input is higher than the output is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
capable of reproducing. This will often appear as jagged or
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
stepped sections in a line or as moiré patterns.
E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality
3.2.2 basic spatial resolution (SR )—the read-out value of
Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems b
unsharpness divided by 2 as effective pixel size of the CR
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material
system (Practices E2445 and E2446).
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
3.2.3 binary/digital pixel data—a matrix of binary (0’s, 1’s)
(IQI) Used for Radiology
values resultant from conversion of PSLfrom each latent pixel
(on the IP) to proportional (within the bit depth scanned)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
electricalvalues.Binarydigitaldatavalueisproportionaltothe
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
radiation dose received by each pixel.
(X and Gamma) Method.
3.2.4 bit depth—the number “2” increased by the exponen-
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2007 - 00(2006). tial power of the analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter resolu-
2
DOI: 10.1520/E2007-08.
tion. Example 1): in a 2 bit image, there are four (2 ) possible
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE),
the ASTM website. 3 Barker Ave, 5th Floor, White Plains, NY 10601.
Copyright © ASTM International
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2007–00 (Reapproved 2006) Designation: E 2007 – 08
Standard Guide for
Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence (PSL)
1
Method)Computed Radiography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This guide covers practices and image quality measuring systems for the detection, display, and recording of CR data files.
These data files, used in materials examination, are generated by penetrating radiation passing through the subject material and
producing an image via a storage phosphor imaging plate. Although the described radiation sources are specifically X-ray and
gamma-ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation sources such as neutrons. The image detection and display
techniques are nonfilm, but the use of a hard copy as a means for permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
1.2This guide is for tutorial purposes only. It outlines the general principles of computed radiology (CR) imaging in which
luminescence is emitted by a storage phosphor imaging plate, by means of photo stimulation after the detector has been penetrated
by x-rays or gamma radiation.
1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Theinch-poundunitsgiveninparenthesesareforinformation
only.
1.1 Thisguideprovidesgeneraltutorialinformationregardingthefundamentalandphysicalprinciplesofcomputedradiography
(CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process.An introduction to some of the limitations that are
typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide
does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented
within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of section 1.2.
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may be found in Practice E 2033. Technical qualification attributes for
CR systems may be found in Practice E 2445. Criteria for classification of CR system technical performance levels may be found
in Practice E 2446. Reference Images Standard E 2422 contains digital reference acceptance illustrations.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 7.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E 746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1817Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)
1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E 1453 Guide for Storage of Media that Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
E 2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in Radiology
E 2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Dec.July 1, 2006.2008. Published January 2007.August 2008. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 as
E 2007 - 00(2006).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the AS
...
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