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ASTM E1079-10

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers

Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means for calibrating transmission densitometers used for the measurement of radiographic film density. A transmission densitometer calibrated in accordance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate density values of radiographs are obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of transmission densitometers used to perform radiographic film density measurements (see Note 1).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—For further information on the design and use of densitometers, the following literature is suggested as additional background information: ISO 5–1:2009, ISO 5–2:2009, and ISO 14807:2001.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1079-05 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E999-20 - Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E746-18 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2104-22 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E545-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1032-19 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1735-19 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems from 4 to 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1079 − 10
StandardPractice for
1
Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1079; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
2
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of transmission 4.1 This practice provides a means for calibrating transmis-
densitometers used to perform radiographic film density mea- sion densitometers used for the measurement of radiographic
surements (see Note 1). film density. A transmission densitometer calibrated in accor-
dance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
density values of radiographs are obtained.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Apparatus should consist of the following:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1.1 A calibrated step tablet shall be used. The step tablet
NOTE 1—For further information on the design and use of
may be a NIST X-ray Step Tablet (X-Ray Film Step Tablet
densitometers, the following literature is suggested as additional back-
5
Transmission Density Standard 38100C) or alternately a step
ground information: ISO 5–1:2009, ISO 5–2:2009, and ISO 14807:2001.
tablet from another supplier, which is traceable to the NIST
steptablet.Thesteptabletshallhaveatleastfivestepdensities,
2. Referenced Documents
which cover the density range that is used for production
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
radiographs.Acalibration certificate shall be provided with the
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
step tablet indicating the tablet ID and recorded values for each
4
2.2 ISO Standards:
step density. For suppliers of step tablets other than NIST, the
ISO 5–1:2009 Photography and graphic technology - Den-
certificate shall indicate conformance of traceability to NIST
sity measurements - Part 1: Geometry and functional
instrumentation used in the calibration process, applicable
notation
ANSI standards used, verification of measurement on a NIST
ISO 5–2:2009 Photography and graphic technology - Den-
step tablet, the ID number of the step tablet, and calibration
sity measurements - Part 2: Geometric conditions for
date of the step tablet. Precautions should be taken in the
transmittance density
storage, handling, and use of the step tablet. In the event it
ISO 14807:2001 Photography - Transmission and reflection
becomes scratched, blemished, or exhibits other signs of
densitometers - Method for determining performance
deleterious wear, it should be replaced immediately. The NIST
(or alternate, if used) step tablet shall be replaced four years
6
3. Terminology from the date of first use.
5.1.2 Transmission Densitometers, with either direct-scale
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
readout or digital readout displays specifically manufactured
practice, see Terminology E1316.
for the purpose of measuring the range of film densities
described in 5.1.1 may be used.
5.1.3 Manufacturer’s Operating Instructions for Appropri-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
ate Transmission Densitometer.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
6. Calibration
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1079 - 05. DOI: 10.1520/
6.1 Full-scale linearity calibration should be performed at
E1079-10.
least every 90 days during use as follows:
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
SE-1079 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
6
the ASTM website. Expiration interval of the NISTor alternate step tablet may be different than the
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., requirements of this practice. Unless otherwise specified, requirements of this
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. practice shall apply.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1079–05 Designation: E1079 – 10
Standard Practice for
1
Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1079; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of transmission densitometers used to perform radiographic film density measurements
(see Note 1).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—For further information on the design and use of densitometers, the following literature is suggested as additional background information:
ISO5–2:2001ISO 5–1:2009, ISO5–1:2001ISO 5–2:2009, and ISO 14807:2001.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2.2 ISO Standards:
4
ISO5–2:2001Photography-Density Measurements—Part 2: Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density ISO Standards:
ISO5–1:2001Photography-Density Measurements—Part 1: Terms, Symbols, and Notations ISO 5–1:2009 Photography and
graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 1: Geometry and functional notation
ISO 5–2:2009 Photography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmittance
density
ISO 14807:2001Photography-Transmission and Reflection Densitometers—Method for Determining Performance Photogra-
phy - Transmission and reflection densitometers - Method for determining performance
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E1316.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice provides a means for calibrating transmission densitometers used for the measurement of radiographic film
density.Atransmission densitometer calibrated in accordance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate density values
of radiographs are obtained.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Apparatus should consist of the following:
5.1.1 Acalibratedsteptabletshallbeused.ThesteptabletmaybeaNISTX-rayStepTablet(StandardReferenceMaterialSRM
1001)Acalibratedsteptabletshallbeused.ThesteptabletmaybeaNISTX-rayStepTablet(X-RayFilmStepTabletTransmission
5
Density Standard 38100C) or alternately a step tablet from another supplier, which is traceable to the NISTSRM 1001 X-ray Step
Tablet. step tablet. The step tablet shall have at least five step densities ranging from 0.9 through 4.1. The step tablet may have
additional step densities less than 0.9 and greater than 4.1. densities, which cover the density range that is used for production
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radioglogy (X
and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved JanuaryJune 1, 2005.2010. Published January 2005.July 2010. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20002005 as
E1079 - 005. DOI: 10.1520/E1079-105.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-1079 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
5
Standard Reference Material 1001 is available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
5
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1079 – 10
radiographs. A calibration certificate shall be provided with the step tablet indicating the tablet ID and recorded values for each
step density. For suppliers of step tablets other than NIST, the certificate shall indicate conformance of traceability to NIST
instrumentationusedinthecalibrationprocess,appl
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means for calibrating transmission densitometers used for the measurement of diffuse optical density on radiographic films. A transmission densitometer calibrated in accordance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate optical density values of radiographs are obtained.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practices for use of various turbidimeter designs for measurement of turbidity in waters including: drinking water, wastewater, industrial waters, and for regulatory and environmental monitoring. This guide covers both continuous and static measurements.  
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5.1 Cryo-TEM is a technique used to record high resolution images of samples that are frozen and embedded in a thin layer of vitrified, amorphous ice (2-5). Because vitrification occurs so rapidly, the resultant specimen is almost instantly frozen, yielding a very accurate representation of the specimen at the moment of freezing, without the distortions typically associated with air drying delicate wet samples. Once frozen, images of the specimen are recorded at low temperature using a specially designed electron microscope equipped with a cryo-holder capable of operating under low dose conditions in order to prevent beam induced structural damage to the specimen. The cryo-TEM technique is the consensus choice to directly observe, analyze and accurately measure liposomes suspended in aqueous solutions. Fig. 1 illustrates this by comparing an electron micrograph from an air-dried negatively stained liposomal preparation with an electron micrograph of the same solution imaged by cryo-TEM.
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SCOPE
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4.2  
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5  
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5.7  
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General  
6.1  
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6.2  
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6.3  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed to enable the user to correct a Raman spectrometer for its relative spectral-intensity response function using NIST Standard Reference Materials2 in the 224X series (currently SRMs 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246), or a calibrated irradiance source. This relative intensity correction procedure will enable the intercomparison of Raman spectra acquired from differing instruments, excitation wavelengths, and laboratories.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Raman shift values for common liquid and solid chemicals that can be used for wavenumber calibration of Raman spectrometers. The guide does not include procedures for calibrating Raman instruments. Instead, this guide provides reliable Raman shift values that can be used as a complement to low-pressure arc lamp emission lines which have been established with a high degree of accuracy and precision.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Some of the chemicals specified in this guide may be hazardous. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to consult material safety data sheets and other pertinent information to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to their use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1172-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the essential components of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer. This description is presented so that the user may gain a general understanding of the structure of an X-ray spectrometer system. It also provides a means for comparing and evaluating different systems as well as understanding the capabilities and limitations of each instrument.  
4.2 A laboratory may implement this practice or an X-ray fluorescence method in partnership with a manufacturer of the analytical instrumentation. If a laboratory chooses to consult with an instrument manufacturer, then the following should be considered. The laboratory should know the alloy matrices to be analyzed, elements and mass fraction ranges to be determined, and the expected performance requirements for each of these elements. The laboratory should inform the instrument manufacturer of these requirements so an analytical method may be developed which meets the laboratory’s expectations. Typically, instrument manufacturers customize the instrument configuration to satisfy the end-user’s requirements for elemental coverage, elemental precision, and detection limits. Instrument manufacturer developed analytical methods may include specific parameters for sample excitation, wavelengths, inter-element interference corrections, calibration and regression, equipment configuration/installation, and sample preparation requirements. Laboratories should have a basic understanding of the parameters derived by the manufacturer.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the components of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer that are basic to its operation and to the quality of its performance. It is not the intent of this practice to specify component tolerances or performance criteria, as these are unique for each instrument. However, the practice does attempt to identify which tolerances are critical and thus which should be specified.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E925-09(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not Exceed 2 nm

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an instrument to the manufacturer's supplied performance specifications and to verify its suitability for continued routine use. It also provides generation of calibration monitoring data on a periodic basis, forming a base from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a significant test of the performance of instruments for which the spectral bandwidth does not exceed 2 nm and for which the manufacturer's specifications for wavelength and absorbance accuracy do not exceed the performance tolerances employed here. This practice employs an illustrative tolerance of ±1 % relative for the error of the absorbance scale over the range of 0.2 to 2.0, and of ±1.0 nm for the error of the wavelength scale. A suggested maximum stray radiant power ratio of 4 × 10-4 yields E275 to extensively evaluate the performance of an instrument.  
1.3 This practice should be performed on a periodic basis, the frequency of which depends on the physical environment within which the instrumentation is used. Thus, units handled roughly or used under adverse conditions (exposed to dust, chemical vapors, vibrations, or combinations thereof) should be tested more frequently than those not exposed to such conditions. This practice should also be performed after any significant repairs are made on a unit, such as those involving the optics, detector, or radiant energy source.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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