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ASTM D7031-11

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products

Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
WPCs are intended for use in both structural and non-structural applications. The test methods described within are intended to address products that are manufactured from virgin or recycled wood and thermoplastic sources. These methods provide a reference for the evaluation of several mechanical and physical properties important for structural and non-structural uses of WPCs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluating a wide range of performance properties for wood-plastic composite (WPC) products. It was developed from evaluations of both experimental and currently manufactured products, and is not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary or appropriate for each application of a WPC. The user must determine which test methods apply to the particular application being evaluated (see Appendix X1).
1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the scope of this guide.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2011
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.02 - Lumber and Engineered Wood Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7031-04 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Replaced By
ASTM D7031-11(2019) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products
Effective Date
15-Jul-2019

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7031 − 11
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-
1
Plastic Composite Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1413 Test Method for Wood Preservatives by Laboratory
Soil-Block Cultures
1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluat-
D1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par-
ing a wide range of performance properties for wood-plastic
ticle Panel Materials
composite (WPC) products. It was developed from evaluations
D1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
of both experimental and currently manufactured products, and
D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature
is not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary
of Plastics
or appropriate for each application of a WPC. The user must
D2017 Test Method ofAccelerated LaboratoryTest of Natu-
determine which test methods apply to the particular applica-
3
ral Decay Resistance of Woods (Withdrawn 2014)
tion being evaluated (see Appendix X1).
D2047 Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of
1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary
Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the
and are beyond the scope of this guide.
James Machine
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D2394 Test Methods for Simulated Service Testing of Wood
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the and Wood-Base Finish Flooring
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D2395 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- tive Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D2481 Test Method for Accelerated Evaluation of Wood
Preservatives for Marine Services by Means of Small Size
3
2. Referenced Documents
Specimens (Withdrawn 2014)
2
D2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tended for Outdoor Applications
C1308 Test Method forAccelerated LeachTest for Diffusive
D2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc-
Releases from Solidified Waste and a Computer Program
tural Wood and Wood-Based Products
to Model Diffusive, Fractional Leaching from Cylindrical
D3345 Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Wood and
Waste Forms
Other Cellulosic Materials for Resistance to Termites
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
ucts
als
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
Properties
D1037 Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and Plywood
D4495 Test Method for Impact Resistance of Poly(Vinyl
Chloride) (PVC) Rigid Profiles by Means of a Falling
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is
Weight
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.02 on Lumber and Engineered Wood
D4761 Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber
Products.
and Wood-Base Structural Material
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7031– 04. DOI: D5379/D5379M Test Method for Shear Properties of Com-
10.1520/D7031-11.
posite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Method
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7031 − 11
D5456 Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite
Lumber Products
D5764 Test Method for Evaluating Dowel-Bearing Strength
of Wood and Wood-Based Products
D6109 TestMethodsforFlexuralPropertiesofUnreinforced
and Reinforced Plastic Lumber and Related Products
D6341 Test Method for Determination o
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7031–04 Designation:D7031–11
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-
1
Plastic Composite Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluating a wide range of performance properties for wood-plastic
composite (WPC) products. It was developed from evaluations of both experimental and currently manufactured products, and is
not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary or appropriate for each application of aWPC.The user must determine
which test methods apply to the particular application being evaluated (see Appendix X1).
1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the scope of this guide.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1308 TestMethodforAcceleratedLeachTestforDiffusiveReleasesfromSolidifiedWasteandaComputerProgramtoModel
Diffusive, Fractional Leaching from Cylindrical Waste Forms
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber D696Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of
Plastics Between 30C and 30C with aVitreous Silica Dilatometer
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1037 Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
D1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and Plywood
D1413 Test Method for Wood Preservatives by Laboratory Soil-Block Cultures
D1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
D1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
D2017 Test Method of Accelerated Laboratory Test of Natural Decay Resistance of Woods
D2047 Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
D2394 Test Methods for Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Finish Flooring
D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D2481 Test Method forAccelerated Evaluation of Wood Preservatives for Marine Services by Means of Small Size Specimens
D2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor Applications
D2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products
D3345 Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Wood and Other Cellulosic Materials for Resistance to Termites
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.02 on Lumber and Engineered Wood
Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. DOI: 10.1520/D7031-04.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7031–04. DOI: 10.1520/D7031-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7031–11
D4495 Test Method for Impact Resistance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Rigid Profiles by Means of a Falling Weight
D4761 Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Base Structural Material
D5379/D5379M Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Met
...

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ASTM D7031-11(2019)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 WPCs are intended for use in both structural and non-structural applications. The test methods described within are intended to address products that are manufactured from virgin or recycled wood and thermoplastic sources. These methods provide a reference for the evaluation of several mechanical and physical properties important for structural and non-structural uses of WPCs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluating a wide range of performance properties for wood-plastic composite (WPC) products. It was developed from evaluations of both experimental and currently manufactured products, and is not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary or appropriate for each application of a WPC. The user must determine which test methods apply to the particular application being evaluated (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM G99-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wear and Friction Testing with a Pin-on-Disk or Ball-on-Disk Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
5.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described.  
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in that “The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “followed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true.  
1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G98-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces.  
5.2 This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates.  
5.3 Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling.  
5.4 If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test Method (see Test Method G83). Chain belt pins and bushings are examples of this type of problem.  
5.5 This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test which ranks the galling resistance of material couples. Most galling studies have been conducted on bare metals and alloys; however, non-metallics, coatings, and surface modified alloys may also be evaluated by this test method.  
1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
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ASTM G223-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Adhesive Wear Properties of Lubricated and Nonlubricated Materials Using the Twist Compression Test (TCT)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples, surface treatments, and lubricants by CFT and in their resistance to adhesive wear. Since adhesive wear is a complex phenomenon and stochastic in nature, it is essential to evaluate surfaces to confirm the presence of adhesion.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the coefficient of friction (COF) and resistance of materials to adhesion under flat sliding using the twist compression test (TCT). This test method ranks material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant combinations by COF and their resistance to adhesion.  
1.2 The time until adhesion for the materials under the test conditions are reported and used to quantify the tribocouple’s adhesion resistance and susceptibility to galling or scuffing. Systems of higher adhesion resistance will give longer time until failure.  
1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients of friction before adhesion occurs.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurement of the thickness of a coating is essential to assessing its utility and cost.  
4.2 The coulometric method destroys the coating over a very small (about 0.1 cm2) test area. Therefore its use is limited to applications where a bare spot at the test area is acceptable or the test piece may be destroyed.
SCOPE
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ASTM E1965-98(2023)(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers infrared thermometers, which are electronic instruments intended for the intermittent measurement and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor. The specification addresses the assessment of the subject's internal body temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Though, performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided. Limits are set for laboratory accuracy, and determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments are required. Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are all established herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electronic instruments intended for intermittent measuring and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The specification addresses assessing subject’s body internal temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided.  
1.3 The specification sets limits for laboratory accuracy and requires determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments.  
1.4 Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are established.
Note 1: For electrical safety, consult Underwriters Laboratory Standards.2
Note 2: For electromagnetic emission requirements and tests, refer to CISPR 11: 1990 Lists of Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Disturbance Characteristics of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radiofrequency Equipment.3  
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ASTM E284-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Appearance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.  
3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–2)2) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.  
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7091-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes three operational steps necessary to ensure accurate coating thickness measurement: calibration, verification and adjustment of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.  
4.2 Many specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce nondestructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative or individual thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in 5.7.  
1.3 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as “magnetic pull-off” and “electronic.” They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages.  
1.4 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating system thickness. SSPC-PA 2 prescribes a frequency of coating thickness measurement based on the size of the area coated. A frequency of measurement for coated steel beams (girders) and coated test panels is also provided in the appendices to SSPC-PA 2. The governing specification is responsible for providing the user with the minimum and the maximum coating thickness for each layer, and for the total coating system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
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  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM G75-15(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher.  
5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher.  
5.3 Experience has shown that slurries with a Miller Number or a SAR Number of approximately 50 or lower can be pumped with minor abrasive damage to the system. Above a number of 50, precautions must be observed and greater damage from abrasion is to be expected. Accordingly, the Miller Number and the SAR Number provide information about the slurry or the material that may be useful in the selection of pumps and other equipment and to predict the life expectancy of liquid-end parts of the pumps involved.  
5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a single laboratory procedure that can be used to develop data from which either the relative abrasivity of any slurry (Miller Number) or the response of different materials to the abrasivity of different slurries (SAR Number), can be determined.  
1.2 The test data obtained by this procedure is used to calculate either a number related to the rate of mass loss of duplicate standard-shaped 27 % chromium iron wear blocks when run for a period of time in the slurry of interest (Miller Number), or to calculate a number related to the rate of mass loss (converted to volume loss) of duplicate standard-shaped wear specimens of any material of interest when run for a period of time in any slurry of interest (SAR Number).  
1.3 The requirement for a finished flat wearing surface on the test specimen for a SAR Number test may preclude application of the procedure where thin (0.051 mm to 0.127 mm), hard, wear-resistant coatings will not allow for surface finishing. The 6 h total duration of the SAR Number Test may not allow establishment of a consistent rate-of-mass-loss of the unfinished surface.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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