ASTM C295/C295M-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:
To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
To describe and classify the constituents of the sample,
To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample that are essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use, and
To compare samples of aggregate from new sources with samples of aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.
This guide may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer's advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination.
This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.
Petrographic examination of aggregate considered for use in hydraulic-cement concrete is one aspect of the evaluation of aggregate, but petrographic examination is also used for many other purposes. Petrographic examinations provide identification of types and var...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples representative of materials proposed for use as aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide is based on Ref (1).
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates for concrete.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C295/C295M–11
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C295/C295M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* C117 TestMethodforMaterialsFinerthan75-µm(No.200)
Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
examination of samples representative of materials proposed
Aggregates
for use as aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide
2 crete Aggregates
is based on Ref (1).
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic
ing Size
techniques should be used, the selection of properties that
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
shouldbelookedfor,andthemannerinwhichsuchtechniques
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates
Sieves
for concrete.
E883 Guide for Reflected−Light Photomicrography
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive
Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are
3. Qualifications of Petrographers
appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
3.1 All petrographic examinations of aggregate for use in
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
concrete as described in this guide should be performed by a
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
petrographer with at least 5 years experience in petrographic
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
examination of concrete or concrete-making materials. The
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
petrographershouldhavecompletedcollege-levelcoursework
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
pertaining to basic geology, mineralogy, petrography, and
with the standard.
optical mineralogy or have obtained equivalent knowledge
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
through experience and on-the-job training. Completion of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
course work in concrete materials is also advantageous. The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
petrographer should have experience evaluating the effects of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
aggregatesonthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofhardened
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
concrete. Identification of individual minerals in aggregate
2. Referenced Documents particles, classification of rock types, and categorizing the
3 physical and chemical properties of rocks and minerals should
2.1 ASTM Standards:
also be included in the petrographer’s experience. The petrog-
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
raphershouldhaveexpertisetoproperlyusetheequipmentand
apparatus described in Section 6 and provide detailed interpre-
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and
tations of the petrographic examination. If the petrographer
Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
does not meet these qualifications, the individual may perform
Petrography.
such examinations under the technical direction of a full-time
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C295–08. DOI:
supervising petrographer who meets these qualifications. A
10.1520/C0295_C0295M-11.
resume of the professional experience and education of the
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
petrographer shall be available.
this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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C295/C295M–11
3.1.1 Licensing, certification, or other accreditation by a 5.2 This guide may be used by a petrographer employed
governmental agency or other organization stating the indi-
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C295–08 Designation:C295/C295M–11
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C295/C295M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples representative of materials proposed for use as
2
aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide is based on Ref (1).
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of properties that should be
looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates for concrete.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in
reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathematicalconversions
to inch-pound units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E883 Guide for ReflectedLight Photomicrography
3. Qualifications of Petrographers
3.1 All petrographic examinations of aggregate for use in concrete as described in this guide should be performed by a
petrographer with at least 5 years experience in petrographic examination of concrete or concrete-making materials. The
petrographer should have completed college-level course work pertaining to basic geology, mineralogy, petrography, and optical
mineralogy or have obtained equivalent knowledge through experience and on-the-job training. Completion of course work in
concrete materials is also advantageous. The petrographer should have experience evaluating the effects of aggregates on the
physical and chemical properties of hardened concrete. Identification of individual minerals in aggregate particles, classification
of rock types, and categorizing the physical and chemical properties of rocks and minerals should also be included in the
petrographer’s experience. The petrographer should have expertise to properly use the equipment and apparatus described in
Section 6 and provide detailed interpretations of the petrographic examination. If the petrographer does not meet these
qualifications, the individual may perform such examinations under the technical direction of a full-time supervising petrographer
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008.2011. Published December 2008.August 2011. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20032008 as
C295–03.C295–08. DOI: 10.1520/C0295-08.10.1520/C0295_C0295M-11.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’
...
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