ASTM D1129-13(2020)e2
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Water
Standard Terminology Relating to Water
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D1129 − 13 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1129; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—In accordance with D19 bylaws, approved items were added editorially in February 2023.
ε NOTE—In accordance with D19 bylaws, approved items were added editorially in February 2024.
absolute filter rating, n—particle size above which 100 % of accuracy, n—closeness of agreement between an observed
particles that are trapped on or within the filter medium. value and an accepted reference value. Where an accepted
D6161 reference value is not available, accuracy is a description of
a measure of the degree of conformity of a value generated
absorbance, n—logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of
by a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true
the transmittance (T). A = log (1 ⁄ T) = –log T. D4691
10 10
value, including both precision and bias. D6161
absorption, n—release for desorption holding of a substance
accuracy, n—measure of the degree of conformity of a single
within a solid by cohesive or capillary forces. D6161
test result generated by a specific procedure to the assumed
absorptivity, n—absorbance (A) divided by the product of the or accepted true value, and includes both precision and bias.
D2777
sample path length (b) and the concentration (c). a = A/bc.
D4691
accuracy, n—proportion of the observed count to the true
accelerated erosion, n—erosion at a rate greater than geologic
density of a sample. D5392
or natural erosion. D4410
accuracy, n—refers to how close a measurement is to the true
DISCUSSION—Accelerated erosion is usually associated with anthro-
or actual value. (See Terminology D1129.) D5906
pogenic activities and usually reduces plant cover and increases runoff.
acceptable holding time, n—any period of time less than or acid error, n—in very acid solutions, the activity of water is
equal to the maximum holding time. D4841 reduced (less than unity) causing a non-Nernstian response
in glass electrodes. A positive error in the pH reading results.
acceptable verification ratio (AVR)—ratio of the difference
D4127
between measured value of the verification sample and the
known value added to the verification sample to the square
acidity, n—the quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react
root of the sum of the squares of their associated combined
with hydroxyl ions.
standard uncertainties. See Eq. 8 in 16.2.13. D7282
acidity, n—quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react
accretion, n—process of sediment accumulation. D4410
with hydroxyl ions. D6161
accumulator, n—pulsation dampener installed on the suction
acidity, free mineral, n—the quantitative capacity of aqueous
and/or discharge lines of pumps, generally plunger type, to
media to react with hydroxyl ions to pH 4.3.
minimize pressure surges and provide uniformity of flow.
D6161
acidity, theoretical free mineral, n—the free mineral acidity
that would result from the conversion of the anions of strong
accuracy, n—a measure of the degree of conformity of a value
acids in solution to their respective free acids.
generated by a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted
true value, and includes both precision and bias.
acoustic path, n—straight line between the centers of two
acoustic transducers. D5389
acoustic path length, n—face-to-face distance between trans-
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
ducers on an acoustic path. D5389
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.12 on Terminology.
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally
acoustic transducer, n—device that is used to generate acous-
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D1129 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/D1129-13R20E02. tic signals when driven by an electric voltage, and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D1129 − 13 (2020)
conversely, a device that is used to generate an electric air scour, v—distributing air over the entire area at the bottom
voltage when excited by an acoustic signal. D5389 of a filter media flowing upward or immersed membrane to
improve the effectiveness of filtration or backwashing or to
acoustic travel time, n—time required for an acoustic signal to
permit the use of lower backwash water flow rate, or both.
propagate along an acoustic path, either upstream or
D6161
downstream. D5389
air stripping, v—removal of volatile substances from a water
action level, n—concentration of the analyte of concern at
solution by passing a gas through the solution. D6161
which some further action is required or suggested. D6850
algae, n—major group of lower plants, generally aquatic,
photosynthetic of extremely varied morphology and
activated carbon, n—granulated or powdered activated carbon
physiology, monocellular plants with chlorophyll often
used to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines, and some
masked by a brown or red pigment. D6161
organics from water. A family of carbonaceous substances
manufactured by processes that develop adsorptive
alkaline error, n—in alkaline solutions, where hydrogen ion
properties. D6161
activity becomes very small, some glass electrodes respond
to other cations, such as sodium. A negative error in the pH
activity, n—thermodynamically effective concentration of a
reading results. By changing the composition of the glass,
free ion in solution. In dilute solutions, ionic activity and
the affinity of the glass for sodium ion can be reduced. Such
concentration are practically identical, but in solutions of
electrodes are known as lithium glass, high-pH, or full-range
high ionic strength, or in the presence of complexing agents,
electrodes. D4127
activity may differ significantly from concentration. Ionic
activity, not concentration, determines both the rate and the
alkalinity, n—the quantitative capacity of aqueous media to
extent of chemical reactions. D4127
react with hydrogen ions.
alkalinity, n—quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react
activity coefficient, n—factor, γ, that relates activity, A, to the
with hydrogen ions. “M” alkalinity is that which will react
concentration, C of a species in solution:
with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to the
A 5 γC
methylorange endpoint of about 4.5. “P” alkalinity is that
The activity coefficient is dependent on the ionic strength
which reacts with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to
of the solution. Ions of similar size and charge have similar
the phenolphthalein end point of 8.3. “M” is the total
activity coefficients. D4127
alkalinity which is the sum of hydroxide, carbonate, and
bicarbonate contents, “P” includes all the hydroxyl and half
activity standard, n—standardizing solution whose value is
the carbonate content. D6161
reported in terms of ionic activity. If the electrode is
alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS)—generic name applied to the
calibrated using activity standards, the activity of the free,
neutralized product resulting from the sulfonation of a
unbound ion in the sample is determined. D4127
branched-chain alkylated benzene. See also Terminology
adenosine triphosphate—see ATP. D6161
D459. D2330
adsorption, n—holding of a substance onto the surface of a
alluvial channel—see alluvial stream. D4410
solid by chemical surface forces, without forming new
alluvial deposit—sediment deposited by the action of moving
chemical bonds. D6161
water. D4410
aerobic bacteria, n—bacteria that require oxygen for growth.
alluvial fans—sediment deposited in the shape of a segment of
See bacteria, aerobes. D6161
a cone formed because of a sudden flattening of a stream
gradient especially at debouchures of tributaries on main
aerosol, n—any solid or liquid particles, with a nominal size
stream flood plains. D4410
range from 10 nm to 100 μm, suspended in a gas (usually
air). D5544
alluvial stream, n—stream whose boundary is composed of
appreciable quantities of the sediments transported by the
agglomeration or flocculation, n—coalescence of dispersed
flow and which generally changes its bed forms as the rate of
suspended matter into large flocs or particles that settle
flow changes. D4410
rapidly. D4410
alleviation, n—process of accumulating sediment deposits at
aggradation, n—geologic process by which stream beds, flood
places where the flow is retarded. D4410
plains, and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised in
alluvium, n—general term for all fluvial deposits resulting
elevation by the deposition of material eroded and trans-
directly or indirectly from the sediment transport of (mod-
ported by water from other areas. D4410
ern) streams, thus including the sediments laid down in
aggregate, n—granular material such as sand, gravel, or
riverbeds, flood plains, lakes, fans, and estuaries. D4410
crushed stone. D6161
For a more complete discussion of terms relating to synthetic detergents and
air header, n—pipe running within a cassette that distributes
their significance, refer to McKinney, R. E., “Syndets and Waste Disposal,” Sewage
the air to the individual modules or aerators. D6161 and Industrial Wastes, Vol 29, Part 6, June 1957, pp. 654–666.
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D1129 − 13 (2020)
alpha (α), n—velocity-head coefficient that adjusts the velocity amorphous, adj—noncrystalline, devoid of regular cohesive
head computed on basis of the mean velocity to the true structure. D6161
velocity head. D5129
amperometric systems, n—those instrumental probes that
alpha (α), n—velocity-head coefficient that adjusts the velocity
involve the generation of an electrical current from which
head computed on basis of the mean velocity to the true
the final measurement is derived. D888
velocity head. It is assumed equal to 1.0 if the cross section
amphoteric, adv—capable of acting as an acid or a base.
is not subdivided. D5243
D6161
alpha (α), n—velocity-head coefficient that represents the ratio
anaerobic bacteria, n—bacteria that do not use oxygen.
of the true velocity head to the velocity head computed on
Oxygen is toxic to them. See bacteria, anaerobes. D6161
the basis of the mean velocity. It is assumed equal to 1.0 if
the cross section is not subdivided. For subdivided sections,
analate addition, n—variation of the known addition measure-
a is computed as follows: D5130
ment technique in which the sample (analate) is added to a
reagent containing the ion being measured. The electrode is
k
i
S D
( 2
placed in the reagent, and the sample concentration is
A
i
α 5
calculated from the change in electrode potential after the
K
T
addition of the sample. D4127
A
T
where: analate subtraction, n—variation of the known subtraction
measurement technique in which the sample (analate) is
K and A = the conveyance and area of the subsection
added to a reagent containing an ion that reacts with the
indicated by the subscript i, and
species being determined. The electrode is placed in the
K and A = the conveyance and area of the entire cross
T T
reagent, the change in electrode potential is observed when
section.
the sample is added, and the sample concentration calcu-
alpha (α), n—dimensionless velocity-head coefficient that
lated. D4127
represents the ratio of the true velocity head to the velocity
analyte, n—a possible sample component whose presence and
head computed on the basis of the mean velocity. It is
concentration is of interest.
assumed equal to unity if the cross section is not subdivided.
For subdivided sections, a is computed as follows: D5388
analyte, n—chemical or constituent being determined. D5463
k
i
S D analytical column, n—chromatography column that contains
( 2
a
i
α 5
the stationary phase for separation by ion exchange. The
K
T
column is packed with anion exchange resin that separates
A
T
the analytes of interest based on their retention characteris-
where:
tics before detection. D6994
k and a = the conveyance and area of the subsection
analytical column, n—column used to separate the anions of
indicated by the subscript i, and
interest. D5996
K and A = the conveyance and area of the total cross
T T
section indicated by the subscript T.
analytical column, n—ion exchange column used to separate
the ions of interest according to their retention characteristics
alpha particle (α), n—particle consisting of two protons and
prior to detection. D6581
two neutrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom during
radioactive decay. D7316
analytical column set, n—combination of one or more guard
columns, followed by one or more analytical columns used
alpha particle detection efficiency, n—in the measurement of
to separate the ions of interest. All of the columns in series
radioactivity, that fraction of alpha particles emitted by a
then contribute to the overall capacity and resolution of the
source which are identified as alpha particles by the counter.
analytical column set. D6581
D7283
analytical column set, n—combination of one or more guard
alpha-to-beta spillover, n—in the measurement of
columns followed by one or more analytical columns.
radioactivity, that fraction of alpha particles emitted by a
D5996
source which are misclassified as beta particles. D7283
analytical columns, n—combination of one or more guard
alum, n—aluminum sulfate, AL (SO ) XH O (X = 14-18), a
2 4 3 2
columns followed by one or more separator columns used to
coagulant. D6161
separate the ions of interest. It should be remembered that all
ambient temperature, n—temperature of the surroundings,
of the columns in series contribute to the overall capacity of
generally assumed to be 20–25°C. D6161
the analytical column set. D4327
American Water Works Association—see AWWA. D6161
analytical columns, n—combination of one or more guard
American Water Works Association Research columns followed by one or more separator columns used to
Foundation—see AWWARF. D6161 separate the ions of interest. It should be remembered that all
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D1129 − 13 (2020)
of the columns in series contribute to the overall capacity of anode, n—positive electrode. D6161
the analytical column set. D5542
anthracite, n—granular hard coal used as a filtration media,
analyze, v—to determine
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