ASTM D7945-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products are used as lubricants and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
5.2 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products and in this test method is used for the calculation from dynamic to kinematic viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and density for the purpose of derivation of kinematic viscosity of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque. The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by dividing the dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at the same test temperature.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.5 mm2/s to 1000 mm2/s in the temperature range between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of 2.06 mm2/s to 476 mm2/s at 40 °C and 1.09 to 107 mm2/s at 100 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias). The precision has only been determined for those materials, viscosity ranges, and temperatures as indicated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias. The test method can be applied to a wider range of materials, viscosity, and temperature. For materials not listed in Section 12 on Precision and Bias, the precision and bias may not be applicable.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7945 − 15
StandardTest Method for
Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic
1
Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic 2.1 ASTM Standards:
viscosityanddensityforthepurposeofderivationofkinematic D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
viscosity of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque. and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by ity)
dividing the dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
the same test temperature. and Viscosity Oil Standards
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
Lubricants
toliquidsforwhichprimarilytheshearstressandshearrateare
D6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement
proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
2 2
3
method is from 0.5 mm /s to 1000 mm /s in the temperature
2.2 ISO Standards:
range between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has
ISO 5725 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measure-
been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of 2.06
ment Methods and Results
2 2 2
mm /sto476mm /sat40°Cand1.09 to107 mm /sat100°C
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
(as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias). The precision
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
has only been determined for those materials, viscosity ranges,
and temperatures as indicated in Section 12 on Precision and 3. Terminology
Bias. The test method can be applied to a wider range of
3.1 Definitions:
materials,viscosity,andtemperature.Formaterialsnotlistedin
3.1.1 density (ρ), n—mass per unit volume.
Section 12 on Precision and Bias, the precision and bias may
3.1.2 dynamic viscosity (η), n—theratiobetweentheapplied
not be applicable.
shear stress and rate of shear of a liquid.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
dynamic viscosity or, simply, viscosity. Thus, dynamic viscos-
standard.
ity is a measure of the resistance to flow or to deformation of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the a liquid under external shear forces.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2.2 Discussion—Thetermdynamicviscositycanalsobe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- used in a different context to denote a frequency-dependent
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- quantity in which shear stress and shear rate have a sinusoidal
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. time dependence.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2015.PublishedJuly2015.Originallypublished the ASTM website.
3
in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7945 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/ Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
D7945-15. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7945 − 15
3.1.3 kinematic viscosity (ν), n—the ratio of the dynamic 6. Apparatus
viscosity (η) to the density (ρ) of a liquid. 4,5
6.1 Constant Pressure Viscometer:
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For gravity flow under a given hydro-
6.1.1 Viscosity Measurement—The Constant Pressure vis-
static head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its
cometer uses the Hagen-Poiseuille
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7945 − 14 D7945 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic
1
Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and density for the purpose of derivation of kinematic
viscosity of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque. The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by dividing
the dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at the same test temperature.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
2 2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.5 mm /s to 1000 mm /s in the temperature range
2
between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of 2.06 mm /s to 476
2 2
mm /s at 40 °C and 1.09 to 107 mm /s at 100 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias). The precision has only been
determined for those materials, viscosity ranges, and temperatures as indicated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias. The test
method can be applied to a wider range of materials, viscosity, and temperature. For materials not listed in Section 12 on Precision
and Bias, the precision and bias may not be applicable.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport
to Measure the Same Property of a Material
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 5725 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 density (ρ), n—mass per unit volume.
3.1.2 dynamic viscosity (η), n—the ratio between the applied shear stress and rate of shear of a liquid.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014July 1, 2015. Published March 2015July 2015. Originally published in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7945 – 14.
DOI: 10.1520/D7945-14.10.1520/D7945-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7945 − 15
It is sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or, simply, viscosity. Thus, dynamic viscosity is a measure of the
resistance to flow or to deformation of a liquid under external shear forces.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
The term dynamic viscosity can also be used in a different context to denote a frequency-dependent quantity in which shear stress
and shear rate have a sinu
...
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