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ASTM D2501-91(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum.2 It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils  having viscosities in excess of 4 cSt. = 4 X 10-6 m-2/s at 40°C (104°F).  
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>  
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2501-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D2501-11 - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D6074-15(2022) - Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2140-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005

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ASTM D2501-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum OilsASTM D2501-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
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ASTM D2501-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2501–91(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of
Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity- 3.1 Thekinematicviscosityat40°C(104°F)andthedensity
gravityconstant(VGC)ofpetroleumoils havingviscositiesin at 15°C of the oil are determined. If the oil is extremely
−6 −2
excess of 4 cSt.=4 310 m /s at 40°C (104°F). viscous, or if it is otherwise inconvenient to determine the
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC viscosityat40°C,thekinematicviscosityat100°C(212°F)can
from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density. be used. The viscosity-gravity constant is calculated from the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as measured physical properties using the appropriate equation.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4. Significance and Use
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful func-
tion for the approximate characterization of the viscous frac-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tions of petroleum. It is relatively insensitive to molecular
weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. termsofcertainstructuralelements.ValuesofVGCnear0.800
indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to
2. Referenced Documents
1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like
2.1 ASTM Standards: other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should
D287 Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method) materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent nonhydrocarbons.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
5. Measurement of Physical Properties
ity)
5.1 Preferably, determine the kinematic viscosity at 40°C as
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid described in Test Method D445. However, if the sample is
extremely viscous or if it is otherwise inconvenient to measure
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition the viscosity at 40°C, the viscosity at 100°C may be deter-
mined.
of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, andAPI 5.2 Determine the density at 15°C in accordance with Test
Method D1298 or Test Method D4052. Equivalent results can
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
be obtained by determining API Gravity at 60°F (15.56°C) in
accordance with Test Method D287, and converting the result
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
to density at 15°C by means of Table 3 of the Petroleum
PetroleumProductsandLubricants andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
Measurement Tables (American Edition).
D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally
NOTE 1—If it is necessary to convert a result obtained using the digital
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D2501–91 (2000).
DOI: 10.1520/D2501-91R05.
Coats, H. B., and Hill, J. B., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 20,
1928, p. 641. Published jointly by, and available from, ASTM Headquarters and Energy
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London W1M 8AP. Companion volumes—the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM British Edition and the Metric Edition—are also available. These tables supersede
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on all other similar tables previously published by either of these societies and the
the ASTM website. NationalBureauofStandardsCircularC-410andthesupplementtoCircularC-410.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2501–91 (2005)
densitymetertoadensityatanothertemperature,thePetroleumMeasure-
8.2.1 For viscosity measured at 40°C,
ment Tables can be used only if the glass expansion factor has been
excluded.
r 5 (3)
Y
0.94 20.109log ~V 25.5!
6. Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant
...

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5.1 ASTM test methods are frequently intended for use in the manufacture, selling, and buying of materials in accordance with specifications and therefore should provide such precision that when the test is properly performed by a competent operator, the results will be found satisfactory for judging the compliance of the material with the specification. Statements addressing precision and bias are required in ASTM test methods. These then give the user an idea of the precision of the resulting data and its relationship to an accepted reference material or source (if available). Statements addressing determinability are sometimes required as part of the test method procedure in order to provide early warning of a significant degradation of testing quality while processing any series of samples.  
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1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two different standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for the purpose of deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results obtained from interlaboratory studies meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory studies shall be conducted on at least ten materials in common that among them span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results shall be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Requirements in this practice shall be met in order for the assessment to be considered suitable for publication in either method, if such publication includes claim to have been carried out in compliance with this practice. Any such publication shall include mandatory information regarding certain details of the assessment outcome as specified in the Report section of this practice.  
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Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

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1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
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5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.  
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5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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