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ASTM D2501-91(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils  having viscosities in excess of 4 cSt. = 4 X 10-6 m-2/s at 40°C (104°F).  
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>  
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2501-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2140-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6074-15(2022) - Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000

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ASTM D2501-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum OilsASTM D2501-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
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ASTM D2501-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D2501–91(Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of
Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity- 3.1 Thekinematicviscosityat40°C(104°F)andthedensity
gravityconstant(VGC)ofpetroleumoils havingviscositiesin at 15°C of the oil are determined. If the oil is extremely
−6 −2
excess of 4 cSt. 54 310 m /s at 40°C (104°F). viscous, or if it is otherwise inconvenient to determine the
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC viscosityat40°C,thekinematicviscosityat100°C(212°F)can
from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density. be used. The viscosity-gravity constant is calculated from the
1.3 ThevaluesstatedineitheracceptableSIunitsorinother measured physical properties using the appropriate equation.
unitsshallberegardedseparatelyasstandard.Thevaluesstated
4. Significance and Use
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system must be used independently of the other, without 4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful func-
tion for the approximate characterization of the viscous frac-
combining values in any way.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the tions of petroleum. It is relatively insensitive to molecular
weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- termsofcertainstructuralelements.ValuesofVGCnear0.800
indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like
other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should
2. Referenced Documents
not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic
2.1 ASTM Standards: materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of
D287 TestMethodforAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumand nonhydrocarbons.
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
5. Measurement of Physical Properties
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
5.1 Preferably, determine the kinematic viscosity at 40°C as
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
Viscosity) described in Test Method D445. However, if the sample is
extremely viscous or if it is otherwise inconvenient to measure
D1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid the viscosity at 40°C, the viscosity at 100°C may be deter-
mined.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D2140 Test Method for Carbon-Type Composition of In- 5.2 Determine the density at 15°C in accordance with Test
MethodD1298orTestMethodD4052.Equivalentresultscan
sulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of be obtained by determining API Gravity at 60°F (15.56°C) in
accordance with Test Method D287, and converting the result
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
to density at 15°C by means of Table 3 of the Petroleum
Measurement Tables (American Edition).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
NOTE 1—If it is necessary to convert a result obtained using the digital
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1991. Published December 1991. Originally
published as D2501–66. Last previous edition D2501–87.
2 6
Coats, H. B., and Hill, J. B., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 20, Published jointly by, and available fromASTM Headquarters and the Institute
1928, p. 641. ofPetroleum,61NewCavendishSt.,LondonW1M8AP,Companionvolumes—the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. British Edition and the Metric Edition—are also available. These tables supersede
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03. all other similar tables previously published by either of these societies and the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. NationalBureauofStandardsCircularC-410andthesupplementtoCircularC-410.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2501
densitymetertoadensityatanothertemperature,thePetroleumMeasure-
8.2.1 For viscosity measured at 40°C,
ment Tables can be used only if the glass expansion factor has been
excluded.
r 5 (3)
Y
0.94 20.109log ~V 25.5!
6. Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant
...

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Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

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1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
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5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
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Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.  
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.  
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.  
5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those used in paints.  
5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 30 % volume, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
Note 1: An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are comparable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can be concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.2  
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.  
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.  
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilit...

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