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ASTM D2176-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. Tester

Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The folding endurance is frequently used to estimate the ability of the paper and plastics film to withstand repeated bending, folding, and creasing.  
4.2 Folding endurance has also been found useful in measuring the deterioration of paper and plastics film upon aging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the use of the M.I.T.-type folding apparatus for determining folding endurance of paper and plastics film. The M.I.T. tester can be adjusted for samples of any thickness; however, if the outer layers thicker than about 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) rupture during the first few folds, the test loses its significance. The procedure for the Schopper-type apparatus is given in Test Method D643.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2016
ICS
85.100 - Equipment for the paper industry
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.15 - Thermoplastic Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D2176-16 - Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. TesterASTM D2176-16 - Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. Tester
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ASTM D2176-16 - Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. Tester
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2176 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T.
1
Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.1 This test method describes the use of the M.I.T.-type
Lot or Process
folding apparatus for determining folding endurance of paper
and plastics film. The M.I.T. tester can be adjusted for samples
3. Terminology
ofanythickness;however,iftheouterlayersthickerthanabout
3.1 Definitions shall be in accordance with Terminology
0.25 mm (0.01 in.) rupture during the first few folds, the test
4
D1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.
loses its significance. The procedure for the Schopper-type
apparatus is given in Test Method D643.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1 The folding endurance is frequently used to estimate the
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
ability of the paper and plastics film to withstand repeated
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
bending, folding, and creasing.
tion only and are not considered standard
4.2 Folding endurance has also been found useful in mea-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
suring the deterioration of paper and plastics film upon aging.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Folding Tester, consisting of:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1.1 A spring-loaded clamping jaw constrained to move
without rotation in a direction perpendicular to the axis of
2. Referenced Documents
rotation of the folding head specified below and having its
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
clamping surfaces in the plane of this axis. The load is applied
D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of
by a spring attached to the jaw assembly which is easily
Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product
adjustable to provide any desired tension on the specimen
3
(Withdrawn 2010)
within range of 4.9 to 14.72 N (500 to 1500 gf). The deflection
D643 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the
of the spring when loaded shall be at least 17 mm (0.67
3
Schopper Tester (Withdrawn 2010)
in.)/9.81 N, which is achieved by using a weight of 1 kg mass.
D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products
5.1.2 An oscillating folding head supporting two smooth,
for Testing
cylindrical folding surfaces parallel to, and symmetrically
D1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products
placed with respect to, the axis of rotation. Each of the two
folding surfaces shall have a radius of curvature of 0.38 mm
(0.015 6 0.001 in.) and a width of 19 mm (0.75 6 0.04 in).
1
ThisclassificationsystemisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20on
The distance separating the folding surfaces is greater than the
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic
uncompressed thickness of the specimen being tested by no
Materials.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally more than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). The position of the axis of
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2176 - 97a(2007),
rotation is midway between the common tangent planes of the
which was withdrawn May 2010 and reinstated in November 2016. DOI: 10.1520/
two folding surfaces. The folding head is provided with a
D2176-16.
2
clamping jaw with its nearest edge not less than 9.5 mm (0.375
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. Available from Technological Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, Suite 115, Peachtree Corners, GA 30092,
www.astm.org. http://www.tappi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2176 − 16
in.) beyond the axis o
...

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ASTM D2176-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The folding endurance is frequently used to estimate the ability of the paper and plastics film to withstand repeated bending, folding, and creasing.  
4.2 Folding endurance has also been found useful in measuring the deterioration of paper and plastics film upon aging.
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1.1 This test method describes the use of the M.I.T.-type folding apparatus for determining folding endurance of paper and plastics film. The M.I.T. tester can be adjusted for samples of any thickness; however, if the outer layers thicker than about 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) rupture during the first few folds, the test loses its significance. The procedure for the Schopper-type apparatus is given in Test Method D643.  
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This specification covers the requirements for single use saline inflatable, smooth and textured tissue expansion devices to be used intraoperatively or implanted for typically less than 6 months and then removed. This specification applies only to soft-tissue expander devices fabricated with elastomer shells. It does not necessarily cover any custom fabricated soft tissue expander device manufactured to any other specification. The device shall be classified as: Type I; Type II; and Type III. Biocompatibility, tensile set, breaking force, tubing shell junction, injection port competence, overexpansion, tubing length adapter strength, needle stop penetration, and fused or adhered joints tests shall be performed to conform with the specified requirements.
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5.1 Cast iron Yankee dryers can be up to 6.7 m [22 ft] in diameter, 7.3 m [24 ft] long, and weigh 91 000 Kg [100 tons], or more (refer to Fig. 1). Vessel thickness measurements are available from the paper/tissue machine operator. Cast iron is a brittle metal and has no specific yield point. Yankee dryers must maintain specific dimensional tolerances. When a pressurized Yankee or steam heated paper dryer (SHPD) remains stationary, it fills with condensate at a rapid rate. In an hour, a steam pressurized Yankee or SHPD can fill half way with condensate, doubling the weight on the frame, and the floor. Some Yankee owners have corporate requirements that a cast iron Yankee dryer remain stationary for 1/2 h, then rotation is required. Permission is required, if the Yankee is to remain stationary for more time. This issue should be discussed with the responsible person prior to the examination.
FIG. 1 Yankee Dryer Drum  
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1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value due to the procedures herein that are unique to the AE community.  
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ASTM D2176-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastics Film by the M.I.T. Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The folding endurance is frequently used to estimate the ability of the paper and plastics film to withstand repeated bending, folding, and creasing.  
4.2 Folding endurance has also been found useful in measuring the deterioration of paper and plastics film upon aging.
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