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ASTM D2229-10(2014)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber (Withdrawn 2023)

Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber (Withdrawn 2023)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of steel tire cord because current estimates of between-laboratory precision for single materials are considered acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significances between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The mold described in this test method is primarily designed for quality acceptance testing for steel cord where the sample size for each cord is 4 or a multiple thereof, but any mold/cavity combination which will provide the required test block dimensions (Figs. 1 and 2) is acceptable.
FIG. 1 Definition of Test Block Dimensions
TOLERANCES
All dimensions ±0.2
Angular ±2°
Except where notedNote 1—All dimensions in millimetres except where noted. Note 2—Material—Mild steel.Note 3—Mold should be coated permanently with a polytetrafluoro-ethylene, such as Teflon®, or preferably, with a stainless steel reinforced polytetrafluoro-ethylene with a polyamid binder, such as Excalibur®.4Note 4—Dimensions with “*” may be altered to accommodate test grips.FIG. 2 Four-Cavity Steel Cord Adhesio...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to pull a steel cord from a block of vulcanized rubber.  
1.2 Although designed primarily for steel cord, this test method may be applied with modifications to wire used in rubber products.  
1.3 This test method can also be used for evaluating rubber compound performance with respect to adhesion to steel cord.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the force required to pull a steel cord from a block of vulcanized rubber.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in February 2023 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
14-May-2014
Withdrawal Date
21-Feb-2023
ICS
83.060 - Rubber
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D2229-10(2014) - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber (Withdrawn 2023)ASTM D2229-10(2014) - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber (Withdrawn 2023)
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ASTM D2229-10(2014) - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber (Withdrawn 2023)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2229 − 10 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
1
Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force
3.1 Definitions
required to pull a steel cord from a block of vulcanized rubber.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,
hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.
1.2 Although designed primarily for steel cord, this test
method may be applied with modifications to wire used in 3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
adhesion, rubber compound, and steel cord.
rubber products.
3.1.2 For definitions of terms relating to rubber, refer to
1.3 This test method can also be used for evaluating rubber
Terminology D1566.
compound performance with respect to adhesion to steel cord.
3.1.3 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
to Terminology D123.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 The steel cords are vulcanized into a block of rubber and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the force necessary to pull the cords linearly out of the rubber
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is measured.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: acceptance testing of commercial shipments of steel tire cord
because current estimates of between-laboratory precision for
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
single materials are considered acceptable and the method has
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significances be-
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With- tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
3
drawn 2008) comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials are as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With material from which the disparate test results were obtained,
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
Lot or Process laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test
values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the
two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers and
series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and
Metallic Reinforcements.
corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-
Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published June 2014. Originally
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2229 – 10. DOI: ation of the known bias.
10.1520/D2229-10R14.
2
5.2 The mold described in this test method is primarily
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
designed for quality acceptance testing for steel cord where the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
sample size for each cord is 4 or a multiple thereof, but any
the ASTM website.
3 mold/cavity combination which will provide the required test
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.ast-
m.org. block dimensions (Figs. 1 and 2) is acceptable.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2229 − 1
...

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ASTM D2229-10(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of steel tire cord because current estimates of between-laboratory precision for single materials are considered acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
If there are differences or practical significances between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The mold described in this test method is primarily designed for quality acceptance testing for steel cord where the sample size for each cord is 4 or a multiple thereof, but any mold/cavity combination which will provide the required test block dimensions (Figs. 1 and 2) is acceptable.
Appendix X1 contains suggested ranges of environmental conditions for aging tests.
The property measured by this test method indicates whether the adhesion of the steel cord to the rubber is greater than the cohesion of the rubber, that is, complete rubber coverage of the steel cord, or less than the cohesion of the rubber, that is, lack of rubber coverage.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to pull a steel cord from a block of vulcanized rubber.
1.2 Although designed primarily for steel cord, this test method may be applied with modifications to wire used in rubber products.
1.3 This test method can also be used for evaluating rubber compound performance with respect to adhesion to steel cord.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Standard Test Method for Adhesion Between Tire Bead Wire and Rubber

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To contribute to the mechanical properties required in a product, tire bead wire must have good adhesion to the rubber matrix. This allows the rubber to absorb part of the energy, distributing it uniformly between the reinforcing material and the rubber compound. This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wire since it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose. This test method may be used for purchase specification requirements or manufacturing control of bead wire.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The characteristics of single filament steel wires that affect the adhesion property are wire diameter, coating composition, and coating mass. The storage conditions, age, and vulcanization conditions of the rubber compound will affect the test results and must be specified by the supplier of the rubber compound.
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1.1 This test method cover procedures for testing the strength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanized rubber compounds. The method applies to, but is not limited to, wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. The adhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-out force for the single filament of wire.
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1.3 This test method is written in SI units.  
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Standard Test Method for Recovered Carbon Black—Rheological Non-Linearity of a Rubber Compound by Fourier Transform Rheology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a measure of rheological non-linearity for filled rubber compounds under oscillatory shear conditions: the normalized 3rd harmonic of the torque I3/1.  
3.2 Rheological linearity means that the modulus is a function of frequency only. The shear modulus dependency on both frequency and amplitude of a dynamic deformation is a non-linear, rheological effect. Filled rubbers show a strain dependency of the modulus known as Payne effect. A test method for evaluating the Payne effect can be found in Test Method D8059.  
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5.1 It is known that solar radiation contributes to the degradation of sealants in exterior building joints. The use of a laboratory accelerated weathering machine with actinic radiation, moisture and heat appears to be a feasible means to give indications of early degradation by the appearance of sealant cracking. However, simulated weather factors in combination with extension may produce more severe degradation than weather factors only. Therefore, the effect of the weathering test is made more sensitive by the addition of the bending of the specimen at cold temperature.
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ASTM D150-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation

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5.1 Permittivity—Insulating materials are used in general in two distinct ways, (1) to support and insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, and (2) to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, it is generally desirable to have the capacitance of the support as small as possible, consistent with acceptable mechanical, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. A low value of permittivity is thus desirable. For the second use, it is desirable to have a high value of permittivity, so that the capacitor is able to be physically as small as possible. Intermediate values of permittivity are sometimes used for grading stresses at the edge or end of a conductor to minimize ac corona. Factors affecting permittivity are discussed in Appendix X3.  
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Note 1: In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are differences in opinion among those concerned with sealant technology whether or not this adhesion-in-peel test simulates the type of strain and e-tensile stresses encountered by a sealant in normal use. Nevertheless, this test provides a valuable measurement of the ability of the cured sealant to maintain a bond to the substrate under severe peel conditions.  
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SCOPE
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