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ASTM D2457-08e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics

Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.
Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of these surface properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films, and
1.1.4 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
Note 1—The 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523; those for the 45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Feb-2008
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.40 - Optical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2457-08 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2673-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7445-18 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding with Foam Plastic Backing (Backed Vinyl Siding)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7793-21 - Standard Specification for Insulated Vinyl Siding
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D5767-18 - Standard Test Method for Instrumental Measurement of Distinctness-of-Image (DOI) Gloss of Coated Surfaces
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4635-16 - Standard Specification for Plastic Films Made from Low-Density Polyethylene and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4477-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid (Unplasticized) Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Soffit
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3981-09a(2016) - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3679-21 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E430-23 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4649-20 - Standard Guide for Use of Stretch Films and Wrapping Application
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2103-15 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008

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ASTM D2457-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid PlasticsASTM D2457-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
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ASTM D2457-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D2457 − 08
StandardTest Method for
1
Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Added research report information to Section 11 editorially in September 2010.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measure- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
ment of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque method, see Terminology E284.
and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
4. Significance and Use
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss
shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of
films, and
gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same
1.1.4 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
measurement procedure and same general type of material. In
particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be
NOTE 1—The 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of
compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is
measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523; those for the 45°
procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346. a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely
measured by any single number.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measure-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ments of these surface properties.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Apparatus
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
5.1 Instrumental Components—Each apparatus (Note 3)
2. Referenced Documents
shall consist of an incandescent light source furnishing an
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: incident beam, means for locating the surface of the specimen,
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
and a receptor located to receive the required pyramid of rays
Materials reflected by the specimen. The receptor shall be a photosensi-
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
tive device responding to visible radiation.
E284 Terminology of Appearance
NOTE 3—The 75-, 60-, and 20-deg procedures require apparatus
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
identical to that specified in Test Method D523. The 45° procedure
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
requires apparatus like that specified in Test Method C346.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
5.2 Geometric Conditions—The axis of the incident beam
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
shallbeatoneofthespecifiedanglesfromtheperpendicularto
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
the specimen surface. The axis of the receptor shall be at the
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
mirror reflection of the axis of the incident beam. With a flat
Geometry
piece of polished black glass or other front-surface mirror in
specimen position, an image of the source shall be formed at
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
the center of the receptor field stop (receptor window). The
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.
length of the illuminated area of the specimen shall be equal to
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originally
not more than one third of the distance from the center of this
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2457 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/D2457-08E01.
area to the receptor field stop. The angular dimensions and
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tolerances of the geometry of the source and receptor shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
as indicated in Table 1.The angular dimensions of the receptor
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. field stop are measured from the center of the test surface. The
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
...

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5.1 When a drop of liquid rests on the surface of a solid, and a gas is in contact with both, the forces acting at the interfaces must balance. These forces can be represented by surface energies acting in the direction of the surfaces and it follows that:
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
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Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Flexible Concealed Water-Containment Membrane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water containment membranes that include fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. The plastic materials shall meet the inherent viscosity and compound density requirements and shall be subjected to tests that have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. Qualification tests shall be performed wherein the sheeting shall conform to the following physical property requirements: thickness; stress-strain properties such as tensile strength, tensile stress at elongation, and elongation at break; tear resistance; pinholes; microorganism resistance; puncture resistance; indentation resistance; folding resistance; chemical resistance to distilled water, soapy water, or alkali; hydrostatic pressure resistance; shrinkage; and volatile loss.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water-containment-membranes in applications where there is potential for costly secondary damage from water leakage and very long-term reliable performance is essential. Examples are fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. Included are requirements for materials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria, and methods of marking.  
1.2 Recycled materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.  
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use.  
1.4 This specification does not cover water-containment membranes exposed to ultraviolet light.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off