ASTM D4287-00(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives information about the flow properties of the material under high-shear conditions similar to those encountered during application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying, electrostatic disk, or roll coating.
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due to the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible for paints having finer pigment dispersions as determined by Test Method D1210.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear of 12 000 s−1.
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to loss of volatiles and to drying.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheviscos-
information about the flow properties of the material under
ity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear
−1
high-shear conditions similar to those encountered during
of 12 000 s .
application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying,
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give
electrostatic disk, or roll coating.
reproducibleresultswiththistestmethod.Measurementsmade
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes
at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to
whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due
loss of volatiles and to drying.
to the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
for paints having finer pigment dispersions as determined by
standard.
Test Method D1210.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Cone/Plate Type Viscometer, with cone/speed combina-
−1
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion producing a rate of shear of 12 000 s . The viscometer
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mustprovideaviscositymeasurementrageofeither0to10(P)
or 0 to 5 (P) at the above mentioned shear rate. With higher
2. Referenced Documents
viscosity materials, other cones and speeds may be used upon
agreement between the producer and the user, but it should be
2.1 ASTM Standards:
noted that these may give lower shear rates not truly represen-
D1210Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
tativeofapplicationconditions.RefertoFig.1andFig.2ofan
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
analog and digital cone and plate viscometer.
D3925Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
Pigmented Coatings
NOTE 1—The SI units for viscosity are pascal-seconds (Pa·s=10 P, 1
D4958Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of mPa·s=1 cP).
Latex Paints
6. Reagents and Materials
3. Summary of Test Method 6.1 Water or Solvent—The viscometer should be zeroed
according to the manufacturer’s specification. Zeroing proce-
3.1 Thematerialtobetestedisplacedbetweentheconeand
dures that require liquid may be satisfied with water or a low
plate of a cone/plate viscometer, then subjected to a high shear
viscosity solvent such as xylene or mineral spirits.
rate while the viscosity is determined.
6.2 Mineral Oils—Three standard mineral oils with known
viscosities (certified by an approved laboratory) lying between
10 and 90% of full scale to be used for calibrating the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
instrument.
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
NOTE 2—Silicone oils should be avoided because of their tendency to
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originally
contaminate instruments, containers and other equipment and because of
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4287–00(2010).
the possibility of shear thinning behavior at high shear rates.
DOI: 10.1520/D4287-00R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Such oils are available from The Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State
the ASTM website. College, PA 16801.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4287 − 00 (2014)
FIG. 2 Digital Cone and Plate Viscometer
8.2 Verify the calibration of the apparatus by following the
procedure in Section 9, but using standard refined mineral oils
having Newtonian characteristics and known viscosities. If the
viscometer reads the correct viscosity (or within 5% of that
value)withtwoormoreoilswhoseviscositiesbracketthoseof
specimens to be tested, then the viscometer readings may be
used as is. If the viscometer readings do not give the correct
FIG. 1 Analog Cone and Plate Viscometer
viscosities for the oils, then a calibration curve must be
constructed by taking viscometer readings for three oils and
plotting measured viscosity versus specified (correct) viscosity
for the oils. Subsequent measurements are corrected to true
7. Sampling
viscosities through use of the curve.
7.1 Take a representative sample of the product to be tested
8.3 Checktheconesperiodicallyforwear.Replaceanycone
in accordance with Practice D3925. If the sample has a
that shows a definite flattening of the apex. Some users have
tendency to settle or separate on standing, it must be stirred or
founditnecessarytoreplaceconeseveryyear.Othershavehad
shakenuntilhomogeneousbeforeatestspecimenistakenfrom
to do so more often when abrasive paints or pastes were being
it. The specimen must be free of any foreign matter or air
tested.
bubbles and its volume must be sufficient to cover the portion
8.4 The determination must be made at a closely controlled
of the viscometer plate under the cone when the latter is
temperature of 25 6 0.3°C, unless otherwise agreed. In order
brought into contact with the plate.
to check the temperature control, carry out the test as outlined
in 9.1 with the standard refined mineral oil of the highest
8. Preparation of Apparatus
viscosity. Allow the viscometer to run with this oil for 5 min
8.1 The viscometer should be zeroed on a daily basis when
anddeterminewhetherthereadingdecreases.Ifthedecreaseis
in regular use or otherwise before use, according to the
more than 10%, the appar
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2010) D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear of
−1
12 000 s .
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made at
elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to loss of volatiles and to drying.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The material to be tested is placed between the cone and plate of a cone/plate viscometer, then subjected to a high shear
rate while the viscosity is determined.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives information about the flow properties of the material under high-shear
conditions similar to those encountered during application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying, electrostatic disk, or roll
coating.
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due to
the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible for paints
having finer pigment dispersions as determined by Test Method D1210.
5. Apparatus
−1
5.1 Cone/Plate Type Viscometer,with cone/speed combination producing a rate of shear of 12 000 s .with cone/speed
−1
combination producing a rate of shear of 12 000 s . The viscometer must provide a viscosity measurement rage of either 0 to 10
(P) or 0 to 5 (P) at the above mentioned shear rate. With higher viscosity materials, other cones and speeds may be used upon
agreement between the producer and the user, but it should be noted that these may give lower shear rates not truly representative
of application conditions. Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 of an analog and digital cone and plate viscometer.
NOTE 1—The SI units for viscosity are pascal-seconds (Pa·s = 10 P, 1 mPa·s = 1 cP).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2010January 2015. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D4287 – 00 (2005).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D4287-00R10.10.1520/D4287-00R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4287 − 00 (2014)
FIG. 1 Analog Cone and Plate Viscometer
6. Reagents and Materials
6.1 Water or Solvent—The viscometer should be zeroed according to the manufacturer’s specification. Zeroing procedures that
require liquid may be satisfied with water or a low viscosity solvent such as xylene or mineral spirits.
6.2 Mineral Oils—Three standard mineral oils with known viscosities (certified by an approved laboratory) lying between 10
and 90 % of full scale to be used for calibrating the instrument.
NOTE 2—Silicone oils should be avoided because of their tendency to contaminate instruments, containers and other equipment and because of the
possibility of shear thinning behavior at high shear rates.
7. Sampling
7.1 Take a representative sample of the product to be tested in accordance with Practice D3925. If the sample has a tendency
to settle or separate on standing, it must be stirred or shaken until homogeneous before a test specimen is taken from it. The
specimen must be free of any foreign matter or air bubbles and its volume must be sufficient to cover the portion of the viscometer
plate under the cone when the latter is brought into contact with the plate.
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 The viscometer should be zeroed on a daily basis when in regular use or otherwise before use, according to the viscometer
operating manual. With the analog-type viscometer, if the pointer does not indicate zero, it may be adjusted by means of a lever
Such oils are available from The Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, PA 16801.
D4287 − 00 (2014)
FIG. 2 Digital Cone and Plate Viscometer
on the left-hand side of the upper part of the instrument housing. If the instrument cannot be zeroed, adjustment should take place
according to the manufacturer’smanufacturer’s suggestions.
8.2 Verify the calibration of the apparatus by following the procedure in Section 9, but using standard refined mineral oils
having Newtonian characteristics and known viscosities. If the viscometer reads the correct viscosity (or within 5 % of that value)
with two or more oils whose viscosities bracket those of specimens to be tested, then the viscometer readings may be used as is.
If the viscometer readings do not give the correct viscosities for the oils, then a calibration curve must be constructed by taking
viscometer readings for three oils and plotting measured viscosity versus specified (correct) viscosity for the oils. Subsequent
measurements are corrected to true viscosities through use of the curve.
8.3 Check the cones periodically for wear. Replace any cone that shows a definite flat
...
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