ASTM D4287-00(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives information about the flow properties of the material under high-shear conditions similar to those encountered during application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying, electrostatic disk, or roll coating.
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due to the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible for paints having finer pigment dispersions as determined by Test Method D1210.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear of 12 000 s−1.
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to loss of volatiles and to drying.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D4958Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of
Latex Paints
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheviscos-
ity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear
3. Summary of Test Method
−1
of 12 000 s .
3.1 Thematerialtobetestedisplacedbetweentheconeand
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give
plate of a cone/plate viscometer, then subjected to a high shear
reproducibleresultswiththistestmethod.Measurementsmade
rate while the viscosity is determined.
at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to
loss of volatiles and to drying.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
information about the flow properties of the material under
standard. high-shear conditions similar to those encountered during
application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying,
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
electrostatic disk, or roll coating.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
for paints having finer pigment dispersions as determined by
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Test Method D1210.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Apparatus
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Cone/Plate Type Viscometer, with cone/speed combina-
−1
tion producing a rate of shear of 12 000 s . The viscometer
2. Referenced Documents
mustprovideaviscositymeasurementrageofeither0to10(P)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or 0 to 5 (P) at the above mentioned shear rate. With higher
D1210Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
viscosity materials, other cones and speeds may be used upon
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
agreement between the producer and the user, but it should be
D3925Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
noted that these may give lower shear rates not truly represen-
Pigmented Coatings
tativeofapplicationconditions.RefertoFig.1andFig.2ofan
analog and digital cone and plate viscometer.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
NOTE 1—The SI units for viscosity are pascal-seconds (Pa·s=10 P, 1
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
mPa·s=1 cP).
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published May 2019. Originally
6. Reagents and Materials
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4287–00(2014).
DOI: 10.1520/D4287-00R19.
6.1 Water or Solvent—The viscometer should be zeroed
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
according to the manufacturer’s specification. Zeroing proce-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
dures that require liquid may be satisfied with water or a low
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. viscosity solvent such as xylene or mineral spirits.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4287 − 00 (2019)
FIG. 2 Digital Cone and Plate Viscometer
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 The viscometer should be zeroed on a daily basis when
in regular use or otherwise before use, according to the
viscometeroperatingmanual.Withtheanalog-typeviscometer,
if the pointer does not indicate zero, it may be adjusted by
means of a lever on the left-hand side of the upper part of the
instrument housing. If the instrument cannot be zeroed, adjust-
FIG. 1 Analog Cone and Plate Viscometer
ment should take place according to the manufacturer’s sug-
gestions.
6.2 Mineral Oils—Three standard mineral oils with known
8.2 Verify the calibration of the apparatus by following the
viscosities (certified by an approved laboratory) lying between
procedure in Section 9, but using standard refined mineral oils
10 and 90% of full scale to be used for calibrating the
having Newtonian characteristics and known viscosities. If the
instrument.
viscometer reads the correct viscosity (or within 5% of that
value)withtwoormoreoilswhoseviscositiesbracketthoseof
NOTE 2—Silicone oils should be avoided because of their tendency to
specimens to be tested, then the viscometer readings may be
contaminate instruments, containers and other equipment and because of
the possibility of shear thinning behavior at high shear rates. used as is. If the viscometer readings do not give the correct
viscosities for the oils, then a calibration curve must be
7. Sampling
constructed by taking viscometer readings for three oils and
plotting measured viscosity versus specified (correct) viscosity
7.1 Take a representative sample of the product to be tested
for the oils. Subsequent measurements are corrected to true
in accordance with Practice D3925. If the sample has a
viscosities through use of the curve.
tendency to settle or separate on standing, it must be stirred or
shakenuntilhomogeneousbeforeatestspecimenistakenfrom
8.3 Checktheconesperiodicallyforwear.Replaceanycone
it. The specimen must be free of any foreign matter or air
that shows a definite flattening of the apex. Some users have
bubbles and its volume must be sufficient to cover the portion
founditnecessarytoreplaceconeseveryyear.Othershavehad
of t
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of
Latex Paints
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscos-
ity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear
3. Summary of Test Method
−1
of 12 000 s .
3.1 The material to be tested is placed between the cone and
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give
plate of a cone/plate viscometer, then subjected to a high shear
reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made
rate while the viscosity is determined.
at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to
loss of volatiles and to drying. 4. Significance and Use
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this information about the flow properties of the material under
standard.
high-shear conditions similar to those encountered during
application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying,
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
electrostatic disk, or roll coating.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
for paints having finer pigment dispersions as determined by
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Test Method D1210.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Apparatus
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Cone/Plate Type Viscometer, with cone/speed combina-
−1
tion producing a rate of shear of 12 000 s . The viscometer
2. Referenced Documents
must provide a viscosity measurement rage of either 0 to 10 (P)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or 0 to 5 (P) at the above mentioned shear rate. With higher
D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
viscosity materials, other cones and speeds may be used upon
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
agreement between the producer and the user, but it should be
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
noted that these may give lower shear rates not truly represen-
Pigmented Coatings
tative of application conditions. Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 of an
analog and digital cone and plate viscometer.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
NOTE 1—The SI units for viscosity are pascal-seconds (Pa·s = 10 P, 1
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
mPa·s = 1 cP).
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published May 2019. Originally
6. Reagents and Materials
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4287 – 00 (2014).
DOI: 10.1520/D4287-00R19.
6.1 Water or Solvent—The viscometer should be zeroed
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
according to the manufacturer’s specification. Zeroing proce-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
dures that require liquid may be satisfied with water or a low
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. viscosity solvent such as xylene or mineral spirits.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4287 − 00 (2019)
FIG. 2 Digital Cone and Plate Viscometer
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 The viscometer should be zeroed on a daily basis when
in regular use or otherwise before use, according to the
viscometer operating manual. With the analog-type viscometer,
if the pointer does not indicate zero, it may be adjusted by
means of a lever on the left-hand side of the upper part of the
instrument housing. If the instrument cannot be zeroed, adjust-
FIG. 1 Analog Cone and Plate Viscometer
ment should take place according to the manufacturer’s sug-
gestions.
6.2 Mineral Oils—Three standard mineral oils with known
8.2 Verify the calibration of the apparatus by following the
viscosities (certified by an approved laboratory) lying between
procedure in Section 9, but using standard refined mineral oils
10 and 90 % of full scale to be used for calibrating the
having Newtonian characteristics and known viscosities. If the
instrument.
viscometer reads the correct viscosity (or within 5 % of that
value) with two or more oils whose viscosities bracket those of
NOTE 2—Silicone oils should be avoided because of their tendency to
specimens to be tested, then the viscometer readings may be
contaminate instruments, containers and other equipment and because of
the possibility of shear thinning behavior at high shear rates. used as is. If the viscometer readings do not give the correct
viscosities for the oils, then a calibration curve must be
7. Sampling
constructed by taking viscometer readings for three oils and
plotting measured viscosity versus specified (correct) viscosity
7.1 Take a representative sample of the product to be tested
for the oils. Subsequent measurements are corrected to true
in accordance with Practice D3925. If the sample has a
viscosities through use of the curve.
tendency to settle or separate on standing, it must be stirred or
shaken until homogeneous before a test specimen is taken from
8.3 Check the cones periodically for wear. Replace any cone
it. The specimen must be free of any foreign matter or air
that shows a definite flattening of the apex. Some users have
bubbles and its volume must be sufficient to cover the portion
found it necessary to replace cones every year. Others have had
of the viscometer plate under the cone when the latter is
to do so more often when abrasiv
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2014) D4287 − 00 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear of
−1
12 000 s .
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made at
elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to loss of volatiles and to drying.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The material to be tested is placed between the cone and plate of a cone/plate viscometer, then subjected to a high shear
rate while the viscosity is determined.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives information about the flow properties of the material under high-shear
conditions similar to those encountered during application: brushing (see Test Method D4958), spraying, electrostatic disk, or roll
coating.
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due to
the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible for paints
having finer pigment dispersions as determined by Test Method D1210.
5. Apparatus
−1
5.1 Cone/Plate Type Viscometer, with cone/speed combination producing a rate of shear of 12 000 s . The viscometer must
provide a viscosity measurement rage of either 0 to 10 (P) or 0 to 5 (P) at the above mentioned shear rate. With higher viscosity
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014May 1, 2019. Published January 2015May 2019. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20102014 as
D4287 – 00 (2010).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D4287-00R14.10.1520/D4287-00R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4287 − 00 (2019)
materials, other cones and speeds may be used upon agreement between the producer and the user, but it should be noted that these
may give lower shear rates not truly representative of application conditions. Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 of an analog and digital
cone and plate viscometer.
NOTE 1—The SI units for viscosity are pascal-seconds (Pa·s = 10 P, 1 mPa·s = 1 cP).
6. Reagents and Materials
6.1 Water or Solvent—The viscometer should be zeroed according to the manufacturer’s specification. Zeroing procedures that
require liquid may be satisfied with water or a low viscosity solvent such as xylene or mineral spirits.
6.2 Mineral Oils—Three standard mineral oils with known viscosities (certified by an approved laboratory) lying between 10
and 90 % of full scale to be used for calibrating the instrument.
NOTE 2—Silicone oils should be avoided because of their tendency to contaminate instruments, containers and other equipment and because of the
possibility of shear thinning behavior at high shear rates.
7. Sampling
7.1 Take a representative sample of the product to be tested in accordance with Practice D3925. If the sample has a tendency
to settle or separate on standing, it must be stirred or shaken until homogeneous before a test specimen is taken from it. The
specimen must be free of any foreign matter or air bubbles and its volume must be sufficient to cover the portion of the viscometer
plate under the cone when the latter is brought into contact with the plate.
FIG. 1 Analog Cone and Plate Viscometer
Such oils are available from The Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, PA 16801.
D4287 − 00 (2019)
FIG. 2 Digital Cone and Plate Viscometer
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 The viscometer should be zeroed on a daily basis when in regular use or otherwise before use, according to the viscometer
operating manual. With the analog-type viscometer, if the pointer does not indicate zero, it may be adjusted by means of a lever
on the left-hand side of the upper part of the instrument housing. If the instrument cannot be zeroed, adjustment should take place
according to the manufacturer’s suggestions.
8.2 Verify the calibration of the apparatus by following the procedure in Section 9, but using standard refined mineral oils
having Newtonian characteristics and known viscosities. If the viscometer reads the correct viscosity (or within 5 % of that value)
with two or more oils whose viscosities bracket those of specimens to be tested, then the viscometer readings may be used as is.
If the viscometer readings do not give the correct viscosities for the oils, then a calibration curve must be constructed by taking
viscometer readings for three oils and plotting measured viscosity versus specified (correct) viscosity for the oils. Subsequent
measurements are co
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.