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ASTM E801-06(2011)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices

Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended to control the quality and repeatability of the radiological examination of electronic devices for internal discontinuities, extraneous material, missing components, crimped or broken wires, and defective solder joints in cavities, in the encapsulating materials, or the boards. However, this practice is not intended to control the acceptability or quality of the electronic devices imaged. The quality of the radiological examination shall be determined by image quality indicators (IQIs), which shall be manufactured from clear acrylic plastic with steel covers serving as shims, lead spheres, gold or tungsten wires, and lead numbers, and shall be permanently identified with the appropriate IQI number. The IQI shall simulate as closely as possible the device being examined. For example, the IQI shall have a radiographic density or grey level nearest to that of the device being examined. Two IQIs shall be used for each radiograph, with each IQI located at diagonally opposite corners of the film, and the radiographic image free of blemishes. To identify the image, in both radiography and radioscopy, a system of positive identification of the image shall be provided, which may include any or all of the following: the name of examining laboratory, the date, the part number, the serial number, the data code, the view, and whether original or subsequent exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice relates to the radiological examination of electronic devices for internal discontinuities, extraneous material, missing components, crimped or broken wires, and defective solder joints in cavities, in the encapsulating materials, or the boards. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality and repeatability of the radiological images and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the electronic devices imaged.
Note 1—Refer to the following publications for pertinent information on methodology and safety and protection: Guides E94 and E1000, and “General Safety Standard for Installation Using Non-Medical X Ray and Sealed Gamma Ray Sources, Energies Up to 10 MeV Equipment Design and Use,” Handbook No. 114.  
1.2 If a nondestructive testing agency as described in Practice E543 is used to perform the examination, the testing agency should meet the requirements of Practice E543.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2011
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E801-06 - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM E431-96(2022) - Standard Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors and Related Devices
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011

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ASTM E801-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic DevicesASTM E801-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices
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ASTM E801-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E801 −06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practice for
Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of
Electronic Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E801; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.1 This practice relates to the radiological examination of
3. Terminology
electronic devices for internal discontinuities, extraneous
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E1316, Section D.
material, missing components, crimped or broken wires, and
defective solder joints in cavities, in the encapsulating
4. Direction of Radiation
materials, or the boards. Requirements expressed in this
4.1 When not otherwise specified, the direction of the
practice are intended to control the quality and repeatability of
the radiological images and are not intended for controlling the central beam of radiation shall be as perpendicular (65%)as
possible to the surface of the film or detector.
acceptability or quality of the electronic devices imaged.
NOTE 1—Refer to the following publications for pertinent information
5. Image Quality Indicators (IQI’s)
on methodology and safety and protection: Guides E94 and E1000, and
“General Safety Standard for Installation Using Non-Medical X Ray and
5.1 The quality of all levels of radiological examination
Sealed Gamma Ray Sources, Energies Up to 10 MeV Equipment Design
shall be determined by IQI’s conforming to the following
and Use,” Handbook No. 114.
specifications:
1.2 If a nondestructive testing agency as described in
5.1.1 The IQI’s shall be fabricated of clear acrylic plastic
Practice E543 is used to perform the examination, the testing
withsteelcovers,leadspheres,goldortungstenwires,andlead
agency should meet the requirements of Practice E543.
numbers. The steel covers serve as shims.
5.1.1.1 The IQI’s shall conform to the requirements of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fig. 1.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1.1.2 The IQI’s shall be permanently identified with the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
appropriate IQI number as shown in Fig. 1. The number shall
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
be affixed by mounting a 0.125-in. (3.18-mm) tall lead number
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
on the flat bottom of a 0.250-in. (6.35-mm) diameter hole. The
2. Referenced Documents
identification number shall be located as shown in Fig. 1 and
shall be of sufficient contrast to be clearly discernible in the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
radiological image.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
5.1.1.3 Each semiconductor IQI will have a serial number
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
permanently etched or engraved on it. Each serial number will
Testing
be traceable to the calibration image supplied by the manufac-
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
turer. The manufacturer shall radiograph the IQI with lead
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
markers identifying the serial number. See Fig. 2.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
6. Application of the Image Quality Indicator (IQI)
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
6.1 The application of the IQI’s shall be made in such a
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published March 2012. Originally
manner as to simulate as closely as possible the device being
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E801 - 06. DOI:
examined. To accomplish this objective, a set of eight IQI’s is
10.1520/E0801-06R11.
provided. These provide a range of cover thickness (of steel
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
shim stock) that is radiologically equivalent to the range of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
devices from glass diodes or plastic-encapsulated circuits
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(number one) to large power or hybrid circuit devices (number
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. eight). Wire size increases with shim stock thickness because
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E801−06 (2011)
FIG. 1 Image Quality Indicator for Electron Devices
Dimensions, in. (mm)
a. 0.187 ( 4.750) f. 1.00 (25.40) k. 1.125 (28.575)
b. 0.375 ( 9.525) g. 0.375 ( 9.525) l. 1.313 (33.350)
c. 0.500 (12.700) h. 0.500 (12.700) m. 1.50 (38.10)
d. 0.625 (15.875) i. 0.625 (15.875) n. 0.125 ( 3.175)
e. 0.813 (20.650) j. 0.938 (23.825) p. 0.250 ( 6.350)
Particle Diameter, in. (mm)
G. 0.015(0.381) J. 0.006(0.152)
H. 0.010(0.254) K. 0.004(0.102)
I. 0.008(0.203) L. 0.002(0.051)
Shim and Wire Specifications
IQI Shim Wire Diameters, in. (mm)
Number Thickness, in. (mm) AB C D E F
1 0 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0005 0.001 0.002
0 (0.051) (0.025) (0.0127) (0.0127) (0.025) (0051)
2 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0005 0.001 0.002
(0.051) (0.051) (0.025) (0.0127) (0.0127) (0.025) (0.051)
3 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0005 0.001 0.002
(0.127) (0.051) (0.025) (0.0127) (0.0127) (0.025) (0.051)
4 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0005 0.001 0.002
0.178 (0.051) (0.025) (0.0127) (0.0127) (0.025) (0.051)
5 0.010 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003
(0.254) (0.076) (0.051) (0.025) (0.025) (0.051) (0.076)
6 0.015 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003
(0.381) (0.076) (0.051) (0.025) (0.025) (0.051) (0.076)
7 0.025 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005
(0.635) (0.127) (0.076) (0.051) (0.051) (0.076) (0.127)
8 0.035 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005
(0.889) (0.127) (0.076) (0.051) (0.051) (0.076) (0.127)
NOTE 1—Use additional layers of shim material as required.The layers shall be 1 by 1.625 in. (25.4 by 41.275 mm).The additional shim material shall
be identified by the placement of lead numbers which denote the thickness immediately adjacent to the IQI during exposure, or as an alternative,
documented on the radiographic technique.
NOTE 2—Tolerance is 60.001 in. (0.025 mm) where dimensions are 0.000 and 60.003 in. (0.076 mm) where dimensions are 0.00.
NOTE 3—Bond materials together with cyanoacrylic or equivalent fast-drying epoxy.
NOTE 4—Particle holes are 0.031 in. (0.787 mm) nominal diameter.
NOTE 5—Tolerance on particle diameter is + 0.0003 in. (0.0076 mm).
NOTE 6—Wire grooves are 0.007 in. (0.178 mm) depth with 90° inclusive angle.
NOTE 7—The number hole is 0.25 in. (0.635 mm) nominal diameter and 0.125 in. (0.318 mm) deep.
FIG. 1Image Quality Indicator for Electron Devices
higher power dev
...

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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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ASTM
ASTM E2862-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
5.4 Prior to performing the analysis it is assumed that the discontinuity of interest is clearly defined; the number and distribution of induced discontinuity sizes in the POD specimen set is known and well-documented; discontinuities in the POD specimen set are unobstructed; and the POD examination administration procedure (including data collection method) is well-designed, well-defined, under control, and unbiased. The analysis results are only valid if convergence is achieved and the model adequately represents the data.  
5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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