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ASTM D2274-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the inherent stability of middle distillate petroleum fuels under specified oxidizing conditions at 95°C.
Note 1—Fuels used in establishing the precision measures for this test method were described as gas oil, diesel fuel, No. 2 heating oil, and DFM, a Navy distillate fuel suitable for diesels, boilers, and gas turbines. While the test method may be used for fuels outside the range of these fuels, the precision measures may not apply.
1.2 This test method is not applicable to fuels containing residual oil or significant amounts of components derived from non-petroleum sources.
1.3 The values given in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2274-94(1999)e1 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D2274-01a - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5967-21 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7468-22 - Standard Test Method for Cummins ISM Test
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7549-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output Conditions—Caterpillar C13 Test Procedure
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7484-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7156-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in the T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6681-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7583-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for John Deere Coolant Cavitation Test
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8048-21ae1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-13 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6468-22 - Standard Test Method for High Temperature Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D975-23 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4418-22 - Standard Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Gas Turbines
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8074-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in DD13 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7451-21 - Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM D2274-01 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)ASTM D2274-01 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
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ASTM D2274-01 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 2274 – 01
Designation: 388/97
Standard Test Method for
Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2274; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of inherent 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
stability of middle distillate petroleum fuel under accelerated 3.1.1 adherent insolubles (formerly adherent gum)—
oxidizing conditions. It is not applicable to fuels containing material which is produced in the course of stressing distillate
residual oil, or any significant component derived from a fuel under the conditions of this test and which adheres to the
nonpetroleum source. glassware after fuel has been flushed from the system.
1.2 The values given in acceptable SI units are to be 3.1.2 filterable insolubles—material, which is produced in
regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for the course of stressing distillate fuel under the conditions of
information only. this test, which is capable of being removed from the fuel by
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the filtration. This includes both material suspended in the fuel and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the material easily removed from the oxidation cell and oxygen
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- delivery tube with hydrocarbon solvent.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.3 inherent stability—the resistance to change when
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. exposed to air, but in the absence of other environmental
factors such as water, or reactive metallic surfaces and dirt.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.4 total insolubles—sum of the adherent and filterable
2.1 ASTM Standards: insolubles.
D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet
3.1.5 zero time—the time the first of a batch of oxidation
2
Evaporation cells is placed in the heating bath.
D 943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhib-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—This is the time taken as the start of the
2
ited Mineral Oils 16 h of residence in the heating bath.
3
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
4. Summary of Test Method
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4
Petroleum Products 4.1 A 350-mL volume of filtered middle distillate fuel is
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and aged at 95°C (203°F) for 16 h while oxygen is bubbled through
4
Petroleum Products the sample at a rate of 3 L/h. After aging, the sample is cooled
D 4625 Test Method for Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at to approximately room temperature before filtering to obtain
4
43°C (110°F) the filterable insolubles quantity. Adherent insolubles are then
5
2.2 Military Specification: removed from the oxidation cell and associated glassware with
MIL-F-16884 Fuel, Navy Distillate trisolvent. The trisolvent is evaporated to obtain the quantity of
adherent insolubles. The sum of the filterable and adherent
insolubles, expressed as milligrams per 100 mL, is reported as
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
total insolubles.
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published July 2001. Originally
e1
published as D 2274 – 64 T. Last previous edition D 2274 – 94(1999) .
5.1 This test method provides a basis for the estimation of
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
the storage stability of middle distillate fuels with an initial
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
4
boiling point above about 175°C (347°F) and a 90 % recovery
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4, 700 Robbins
point below 370°C (698°F) such as No. 2 fuel oil. It is not
Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. Attn: NPODS
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 2274
applicable to fuels containing residual oil, or any significant apparently greater level of adherent insolubles to be measured.
component derived from a non-petroleum source.
It is, therefore, critical that only reagent (or higher) grade
5.2 The test method may not provide
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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