ASTM C356-03

Standard Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking Heat

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Linear shrinkage, as used in this test method, refers to the change in linear dimensions that has occurred in test specimens after they have been subjected to soaking heat for a period of 24 h and then cooled to room temperature.
Most insulating materials will begin to shrink at some definite temperature. Usually the amount of shrinkage increases as the temperature of exposure becomes higher. Eventually a temperature will be reached at which the shrinkage becomes excessive. With excessive shrinkage, the insulating material has definitely exceeded its useful temperature limit. When an insulating material is applied to a hot surface, the shrinkage will be greatest on the hot face. The differential shrinkage which results between the hotter and the cooler surfaces often introduces strains and may cause the insulation to warp. High shrinkage may cause excessive warpage and thereby may induce cracking, both of which are undesirable. High shrinkage may also open gaps at the insulation joints to an excessive extent rendering the application less efficient and more hazardous. In order to predict the limit of permissible shrinkage in service, the degree of linear shrinkage to be tolerated by specimens of an insulating material when subjected to soaking heat must be determined from experience.
It is recognized that a fixed relation between linear shrinkage under soaking heat and actual shrinkage in service cannot be established for different types of insulating materials. Generally the amount of shrinkage increases with time of exposure. The amount and rate of increase varies from one material to another. In addition, the various types of materials may have different amounts of maximum permissible shrinkage. Therefore, each product must define its own specific limits of linear shrinkage under soaking heat.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of linear shrinkage and other changes that occur when a preformed thermal insulating material is exposed to soaking heat. This test method is limited to preformed high-temperature insulation that is applicable to hot-side temperatures in excess of 200°F (93°C), with the exception of insulating fire brick which is covered by Test Method C 210.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-May-2003
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C16 - Thermal Insulation
• Drafting Committee: C16.31 - Chemical and Physical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C356-87(1997) - Standard Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking Heat
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C610-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C547-22a - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C411-19 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1410-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Cellular Melamine Thermal and Sound-Absorbing Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E861-13(2021) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Thermal Insulation Materials for Use in Solar Collectors
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1696-20 - Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C196-00(2019) - Standard Specification for Expanded or Exfoliated Vermiculite Thermal Insulating Cement
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C195-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1728-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible Aerogel Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C592-22a - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation and Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (Industrial Type)
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C892-19 - Standard Specification for High-Temperature Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1676/C1676M-23 - Standard Specification for Microporous Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C656-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulating Board, Calcium Silicate
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C612-14(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C356 – 03
Standard Test Method for
Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal
1
Insulation Subjected to Soaking Heat
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope specimens after they have been subjected to soaking heat for a
period of 24 h and then cooled to room temperature.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
4.2 Most insulating materials will begin to shrink at some
of linear shrinkage and other changes that occur when a
definite temperature. Usually the amount of shrinkage in-
preformed thermal insulating material is exposed to soaking
creases as the temperature of exposure becomes higher. Even-
heat.Thistestmethodislimitedtopreformedhigh-temperature
tually a temperature will be reached at which the shrinkage
insulation that is applicable to hot-side temperatures in excess
becomes excessive. With excessive shrinkage, the insulating
of 200°F (93°C), with the exception of insulating fire brick
material has definitely exceeded its useful temperature limit.
which is covered by Test Method C210.
When an insulating material is applied to a hot surface, the
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
shrinkage will be greatest on the hot face. The differential
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided
shrinkage which results between the hotter and the cooler
for information only.
surfaces often introduces strains and may cause the insulation
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to warp. High shrinkage may cause excessive warpage and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
thereby may induce cracking, both of which are undesirable.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
High shrinkage may also open gaps at the insulation joints to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
an excessive extent rendering the application less efficient and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
more hazardous. In order to predict the limit of permissible
2. Referenced Documents shrinkage in service, the degree of linear shrinkage to be
2
tolerated by specimens of an insulating material when sub-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
jected to soaking heat must be determined from experience.
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
4.3 It is recognized that a fixed relation between linear
C210 Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Fire-
shrinkage under soaking heat and actual shrinkage in service
brick
cannotbeestablishedfordifferenttypesofinsulatingmaterials.
C411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-
Generally the amount of shrinkage increases with time of
Temperature Thermal Insulation
exposure. The amount and rate of increase varies from one
3. Terminology
material to another. In addition, the various types of materials
may have different amounts of maximum permissible shrink-
3.1 Definitions—Terminology C168 shall apply to the terms
age.Therefore, each product must define its own specific limits
used in this test method.
of linear shrinkage under soaking heat.
4. Significance and Use
5. Apparatus
4.1 Linear shrinkage, as used in this test method, refers to
5.1 Furnace—A gas-fired or electrically heated muffle fur-
the change in linear dimensions that has occurred in test
nace, having a size sufficient to accommodate at least four test
1 1
specimens and two dummy specimens, 6 by 2 ⁄2 by 1 ⁄2 in.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC16onThermal
(152.4 by 63.5 by 38.1 mm) (Note 1), spaced so as to allow a
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on Chemical and
1
clearance of at least ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) on all surfaces of every
Physical Properties.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally test specimen. The temperature of the furnace shall be con-
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C356 – 87 (1997).
trolled throughout the volume occupied by the specimens to
DOI: 10.1520/C0356-03.
within 6 1 % of the desired temperature. A furnace-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
temperature indicator or recorder is required.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
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