ASTM E1135-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The penetrant is one of the major components of the fluorescent penetrant process, and very influential in the degree of performance attained by a given system or group of materials. The penetrant must enter the discontinuity, be removed from the part surface but not from the discontinuity, be brought out of the discontinuity by the developer, and finally viewed and detected by the inspector. If all processing parameters are optimized for the parts being examined and the examination materials in use, the intrinsic brightness of the penetrant becomes the factor which governs the sensitivity of the system.
Because the eye responds logarithmically rather than linearly to changes of brightness, differences in brightness must be fairly large to be significant. Differences of 25 % are obvious, 12 % noticeable, and 6 % detectable by the eye. Experts may sometimes detect 3 % differences, but these are not usually significant to the average observer.
The significance of the results also depends on the deviation between readings on the same material sample. Different samples, even when prepared out of the same initial quantity of penetrant will not exactly reproduce readings. These differences occur because of paper differences and penetrant migration on the paper samples.
To determine the confidence limits for the test results, it is necessary to perform certain statistical calculations. The confidence limits are determined by the equation:
where: CL= the limits within which we can be confident the value lies, ¯X= the average of all readings, t= “student's t” (values of which are given by statistical manuals), n= the number of readings used, s= the standard deviation determined by the equation:
where: X= the individual readings.
In this use, the 95 % confidence level (the value will lie within the limits 95 % of the time) is sufficient. At this level, t for 4 samples is 3.182.
If the confidence limits of two material samples overlap, the mate...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the techniques for comparing the brightness of the penetrants used in the fluorescent dye penetrant process. This comparison is performed under controlled conditions which eliminate most of the variables present in actual penetrant examination. Thus, the brightness factor is isolated and is measured independently of the other factors which affect the performance of a penetrant system.
1.2 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent on the developer with which it is used. This test method however, measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filter paper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer.
1.3 The brightness measurement obtained is color-corrected to approximate the color response of the average human eye. Since most examination is done by human eyes, this number has more practical value than a measurement in units of energy emitted. Also, the comparisons are expressed as a percentage of some chosen standard penetrant because no absolute system of measurement exists at this time.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1135 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 Definitionsoftermsapplicabletothistestmethodmay
be found in Terminology E1316.
1.1 Thistestmethoddescribesthetechniquesforcomparing
the brightness of the penetrants used in the fluorescent dye
4. Summary of Test Method
penetrant process. This comparison is performed under con-
4.1 Simulated indications are prepared by impregnating
trolledconditionswhicheliminatemostofthevariablespresent
filterpaperwithaspecifiedquantityofthepenetrantundertest.
in actual penetrant examination. Thus, the brightness factor is
The samples and similarly prepared standards are then mea-
isolated and is measured independently of the other factors
sured in a fluorometer equipped to excite the penetrant with
which affect the performance of a penetrant system.
near ultraviolet (black) light and respond to color approxi-
1.2 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent on
mately as does the human eye under the conditions encoun-
the developer with which it is used. This test method however,
tered during a normal examination. The fluorometer must be
measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filter
equipped with a special sample holder to accept the samples
paper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer.
employed.
1.3 The brightness measurement obtained is color-corrected
4.2 The sample preparation is not indicative of the total
to approximate the color response of the average human eye.
system performance but is convenient as a lot acceptance test.
Since most examination is done by human eyes, this number
A known amount of penetrant is diluted with a specified
has more practical value than a measurement in units of energy
amountofavolatilesolvent,piecesoffilterpaperaresoakedin
emitted.Also,thecomparisonsareexpressedasapercentageof
the mixture, the paper is dried under specified conditions at
some chosen standard penetrant because no absolute system of
room temperature, placed in the sample holder, and measured
measurement exists at this time.
with the fluorometer.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 The penetrant is one of the major components of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fluorescentpenetrantprocess,andveryinfluentialinthedegree
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of performance attained by a given system or group of
materials. The penetrant must enter the discontinuity, be
2. Referenced Documents
removed from the part surface but not from the discontinuity,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bebroughtoutofthediscontinuitybythedeveloper,andfinally
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
viewed and detected by the inspector. If all processing param-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
eters are optimized for the parts being examined and the
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
examination materials in use, the intrinsic brightness of the
penetrant becomes the factor which governs the sensitivity of
3. Terminology
the system.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 Because the eye responds logarithmically rather than
linearly to changes of brightness, differences in brightness
must be fairly large to be significant. Differences of 25 % are
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
obvious, 12 % noticeable, and 6 % detectable by the eye.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Experts may sometimes detect 3 % differences, but these are
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally
not usually significant to the average observer.
ε1
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1135 – 97 (2008) .
DOI: 10.1520/E1135-12.
5.3 The significance of the results also depends on the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
deviation between readings on the same material sample.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Different samples, even when prepared out of the same initial
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. quantity of penetrant will not exactly reproduce readings.
*A Summary of Changes se
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E1135–97 (Reapproved 2008) Designation: E1135 – 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Added Note 1 and Note 3 in July 2008.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes the techniques for comparing the brightness of the penetrants used in the fluorescent dye
penetrant process. This comparison is performed under controlled conditions which eliminate most of the variables present in
actualpenetrantexamination.Thus,thebrightnessfactorisisolatedandismeasuredindependentlyoftheotherfactorswhichaffect
the performance of a penetrant system.
1.2 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent on the developer with which it is used. This test method however,
measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filter paper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer.
1.3 The brightness measurement obtained is color-corrected to approximate the color response of the average human eye. Since
most examination is done by human eyes, this number has more practical value than a measurement in units of energy emitted.
Also, the comparisons are expressed as a percentage of some chosen standard penetrant because no absolute system of
measurement exists at this time.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test method may be found in Terminology E1316.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Simulated indications are prepared by impregnating filter paper with a specified quantity of the penetrant under test. The
samples and similarly prepared standards are then measured in a fluorometer equipped to excite the penetrant with near ultraviolet
(black) light and respond to color approximately as does the human eye under the conditions encountered during a normal
examination. The fluorometer must be equipped with a special sample holder to accept the samples employed.
4.2 The sample preparation is not indicative of the total system performance but is convenient as a lot acceptance test.Aknown
amount of penetrant is diluted with a specified amount of a volatile solvent, pieces of filter paper are soaked in the mixture, the
paper is dried under specified conditions at room temperature, placed in the sample holder, and measured with the fluorometer.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The penetrant is one of the major components of the fluorescent penetrant process, and very influential in the degree of
performance attained by a given system or group of materials. The penetrant must enter the discontinuity, be removed from the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1135–97 (2003). DOI:
10.1520/E1135-97R08E01.
´1
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1135 – 97 (2008) . DOI:
10.1520/E1135-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1135 – 12
part surface but not from the discontinuity, be brought out of the discontinuity by the developer, and finally view
...
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