ASTM E1706-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:
5.1.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; (65)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected (66) . The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, bulk sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability (67). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment (40, 41). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.
5.1.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests (68). Sediment tests can be used to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing freshwater organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory.
1.1.1 Test methods are described for two toxicity test organisms, the amphipod Hyalella azteca (H. azteca) (see 13.1.2) and the midge Chironomus dilutus (formerly known as C. tentans; Shobanov et al. 1999.(1) (see 14.1.2). The toxicity tests are conducted for 10 days in 300-mL chambers containing 100 mL of sediment and 175 mL of overlying water. Overlying water is renewed daily and test organisms are fed during the toxicity tests. Endpoints for the 10-day toxicity tests are survival and growth. These test methods describe procedures for testing freshwater sediments; however, estuarine sediments (up to 15 ppt salinity) can also be tested with H. azteca. In addition to the 10-day toxicity test method outlined in 13.1.2 and 14.1.2, general procedures are also described for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca (see 13.1.2) and C. dilutus (see 14.1.2).
Note 1: Morphological comparison of populations of Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans(Fabricius) from Europe, Asia, and North America have confirmed cytogenetic evidence that two distinct species inhabit the Palearctic and Nearctic under this name. The Palearctic species is the true C. tentans and the Nearctic populations constitute a new species described under the name Chironomus (Camptochironomus) dilutus (Shobanov et al. 1999 (1).”
1.1.2 Guidance for conducting sediment toxicity tests is outlined in Annex A1 for Chironomus riparius, in Annex A2 for Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, in Annex A3 for Hexagenia spp., in Annex A4 for Tubifex tubifex, and in Annex A5 for the Diporeia spp. Guidance is also provided in Annex A6 for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca ...
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1706 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated
1
Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1706; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* tion. Guidance is also provided in Annex A7 for conducting
long-term sediment toxicity tests with C. dilutus by measuring
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing freshwa-
effects on survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction. 1.6
ter organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of
outlines the data that will be needed before test methods are
contaminantsassociatedwithwholesediments.Sedimentsmay
developed from the guidance outlined in Annex A1 to Annex
be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the
A7 for these test organisms. General procedures described in
laboratory.
Sections1–14 for sediment testing with H. azteca and C.
1.1.1 Test methods are described for two toxicity test
dilutus are also applicable for sediment testing with the test
organisms, the amphipod Hyalella azteca (H. azteca) (see
organisms described in Annex A1 to Annex A7.
13.1.2) and the midge Chironomus dilutus (formerly known as
C. tentans; Shobanov et al. 1999.(1) (see 14.1.2). The toxicity 1.2 Procedures outlined in this test method are based pri-
testsareconductedfor10daysin300-mLchamberscontaining marily on procedures described in the United States Environ-
2
100mLofsedimentand175mLofoverlyingwater.Overlying mental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2-9) , Test Method
water is renewed daily and test organisms are fed during the E1367, and Guides E1391, E1525 and E1688.
toxicity tests. Endpoints for the 10-day toxicity tests are
1.3 Additional research and methods development are now
survival and growth. These test methods describe procedures
in progress to: (1) evaluate additional test organisms, (2)
for testing freshwater sediments; however, estuarine sediments
further evaluate the use of formulated sediment, (3) refine
(up to 15 ppt salinity) can also be tested with H. azteca. In
sediment dilution procedures, (4) refine sediment toxicity
addition to the 10-day toxicity test method outlined in 13.1.2
identification evaluation (TIE) procedures (10), (5) refine
and 14.1.2, general procedures are also described for conduct-
sediment spiking procedures, (6) develop in situ toxicity tests
ing 10-day sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca (see 13.1.2)
to assess sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation under field
and C. dilutus (see 14.1.2).
conditions, (7) evaluate relative sensitivities of endpoints
measured in tests, (8) develop methods for new species, (9)
NOTE 1—Morphological comparison of populations of Chironomus
(Camptochironomus) tentans(Fabricius) from Europe, Asia, and North
evaluate relationships between toxicity and bioaccumulation,
America have confirmed cytogenetic evidence that two distinct species
and (10) produce additional data on confirmation of responses
inhabitthePalearcticandNearcticunderthisname.ThePalearcticspecies
in laboratory tests with natural populations of benthic organ-
isthetrue C. tentansandtheNearcticpopulationsconstituteanewspecies
isms. Some issues that may be considered in interpretation of
describedunderthename Chironomus (Camptochironomus) dilutus(Sho-
test results are the subject of continuing research including the
banov et al. 1999 (1).”
influenceoffeedingonbioavailability,nutritionalrequirements
1.1.2 Guidance for conducting sediment toxicity tests is
of the test organisms, and additional performance criteria for
outlined in Annex A1 for Chironomus riparius, in Annex A2
organism health. See Section 6 for additional detail. This
for Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, in AnnexA3 for
information will be described in future editions of this stan-
Hexageniaspp.,inAnnexA4for Tubifex tubifex,andinAnnex
dard.
A5 for the Diporeia spp. Guidance is also provided in Annex
A6 for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with H. 1.4 The USEPA (2) and Guide E1688 also describes 28-day
aztecabymeasuringeffectsonsurvival,growth,andreproduc-
bioaccumulation methods for the oligochaete Lumbriculus
variegatus.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on 1.5 Results of tests, even those with the same species, using
Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and are the
procedures different from those described in the test method
direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environ-
may not be comparable and using these different procedures
mental Fate.
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