ASTM D6440-10(2018)

Standard Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon Resins

SCOPE
1.1 The hydrocarbon resin industry continues to evolve from a source of replacement products for naturally-derived materials to industrial materials that have no naturally-derived counterparts. Along with this changing character of the industry, various manufacturing participants have introduced terms that have led to confusion among both manufacturers and consumers. This terminology standard is intended to alleviate that confusion and promote standard usage of terms in the hydrocarbon resin industry.  
1.2 Resins derived principally from natural terpene fractions are under the jurisdiction of D01.34.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2018
• ICS: 01.040.01 - Generalities. Terminology. Standardization. Documentation (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 83.080.20 - Thermoplastic materials
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.16 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D6440-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon Resins
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D1726-11(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Hydrolyzable Chloride Content of Liquid Epoxy Resins
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D4301-05(2019) - Standard Test Method for Total Chlorine in Epoxy Resins and Compounds
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D1725-12(2019) - Standard Practice for Preparing Resin Solutions for Viscosity Measurement by Bubble Time Method
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D16-23 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D6267/D6267M-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Resins at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D6605-06(2020) - Standard Practice for Determining the Color Stability of Hydrocarbon Resins After Heating
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D6579-11(2020) - Standard Practice for Molecular Weight Averages and Molecular Weight Distribution of Hydrocarbon, Rosin and Terpene Resins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018

Overview

ASTM D6440-10(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon Resins establishes clear and consistent terminology for the rapidly evolving hydrocarbon resin industry. As hydrocarbon resins transition from replacements for natural materials to essential industrial materials without natural analogues, the need for standardized language has become critical. Diverse manufacturing processes and applications have led to inconsistencies in how terms are used across the industry. This ASTM standard provides authoritative definitions and guidance, promoting clear communication and reducing confusion among manufacturers, suppliers, and consumers. The document is maintained in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles for international standard development, ensuring global relevance.

Key Topics

ASTM D6440-10(2018) covers essential terminology related to hydrocarbon resins, including:

• Hydrocarbon Resin: Defined as thermoplastic, low-molecular-weight, amorphous polymers derived from sources such as steam-cracked petroleum fractions, coal-tar fractions, and terpene fractions. They are widely used in adhesives, inks, coatings, flooring, roofing, and rubber processing.
• Aliphatic Resin (C5 Resin): Produced via cationic polymerization of aliphatic steam-cracked fractions, typically including piperylene monomers.
• Aromatic Resin (C9 Resin): Produced from heavy aromatic fractions, covering resins containing styrene, indene, methylstyrenes, and coumarone, among others.
• Dicyclopentadiene Resin: Created by the thermal polymerization of dicyclopentadiene streams.
• Polyterpene Resin: Generated through the polymerization of naturally sourced terpene fractions from sources like gum and wood turpentine, citrus juice, and pulp processes.
• Pure Monomer Resin: Resulting from polymerizing pure compounds such as styrene or methylstyrene.
• Tackifying Resin: Used to impart tack to formulations by mixing with compatible polymers, critical in adhesives and related applications.
• Hydrogenated Resin: Chemically modified with hydrogen to reduce unsaturation.
• Natural Resin: Of vegetable or animal origin, including rosins and derivatives from wood or insect secretions.
• Reinforcing Resin: Provides structural reinforcement in specific polymer blends.
• Cloud Point & Re-massing: Procedures for identifying physical characteristics related to storage, handling, and application.

Applications

Hydrocarbon resins and the standardized terminology provided in ASTM D6440-10(2018) are essential for:

• Adhesives and Sealants: Defining resin types for custom formulations, especially concerning tack and compatibility with various polymers.
• Printing Inks: Ensuring clear communication about resin properties affecting viscosity, adhesion, and drying behavior.
• Coatings and Paints: Supporting manufacturers in formulating resins tailored for protective, decorative, or functional surface treatments.
• Flooring and Roofing Materials: Standardized terms help specify requirements, ensuring consistent product performance and compatibility.
• Rubber Compounding: Facilitating the selection and description of processing aids, extenders, and reinforcing agents.
• Material Procurement and Quality Control: Assisting stakeholders across the supply chain in specifying, selecting, and testing hydrocarbon resins with consistent understanding.

Related Standards

For a comprehensive approach to resins and related topics, consider referencing:

• ASTM D01.34 – Standards specifically addressing resins derived from natural terpene fractions.
• Other ASTM Committees and Subcommittees – Such as D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications.
• WTO TBT Principles – Guidance for international standardization and regulatory harmonization.
• Industry and International Standards – For detailed requirements on hydrocarbon resin products, testing methods, and applications.

Adopting ASTM D6440-10(2018) ensures clarity and uniformity in the language used throughout the hydrocarbon resin industry, enabling efficient collaboration, regulatory compliance, and market growth.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6440 − 10 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Hydrocarbon Resins
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope dicyclopentadiene resin, n—a resin produced by the thermal
polymerization of a concentrated dicyclopentadiene stream.
1.1 The hydrocarbon resin industry continues to evolve
from a source of replacement products for naturally-derived
hydrocarbon resin, n—in the context of such applications as
materials to industrial materials that have no naturally-derived
adhesives, inks, coatings, flooring and roofing formulations,
counterparts. Along with this changing character of the
and rubber processing aids, a thermoplastic, low-molecular-
industry, various manufacturing participants have introduced
weight, amorphous polymer that is either mined, or made by
termsthathaveledtoconfusionamongbothmanufacturersand
polymerization primarily from one or more of the following:
consumers. This terminology standard is intended to alleviate
certain steam-cracked petroleum fractions, coal-tar fractions,
that confusion and promote standard usage of terms in the
terpene fractions, and streams rich in unsaturated monomers
hydrocarbon resin industry.
that typically have five or more carbon atoms.
DISCUSSION—Typical hydrocarbon resins are brittle solids at room
1.2 Resins derived principally from natural terpene fractions
temperature, chemically similar semi-solid and liquid materials are
are under the jurisdiction of D01.34.
included by association. This term also covers derivatives of hydrocar-
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
bon resins.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
hydrogenated resin, n—a resin that has been subjected to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
some degree of reaction with hydrogen to decrease the level
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
of residual unsaturation.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
natural resin, n—a resin of vegetable or animal origin.
DISCUSSION—This term includes rosins, wood extracts or paper
2. Terminology
manufacturing by-products, fossil resins, mined resin, secretion prod-
2.1 Definitions:
ucts from insects, and their main derivatives. In the context of
hydrocarbon resins, this refers to mined bituminous resins.
C aliphatic resin, n—a resin produced by the cationic
polymerization of a low-boiling aliphatic steam-cracker
polyterpene resin, n—a resin produced by the polymerization
fraction.
of terpene fractions or mixtures of terpenes obtained from
DISCUSSION—The principal monomers are typically cis- and trans-
naval stores, or paper pulp production, or citrus juice
piperylene (1,3–pentadiene).
production, or co
...