ASTM D344-11(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts (Withdrawn 2018)
Standard Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts (Withdrawn 2018)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have significance only within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.
5.2 When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film thickness related to the application procedure and to the application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide equally well by this method might therefore differ considerably when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface application conditions can likewise give different results.
Note 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.
5.3 Test Method D344 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept and execution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications, this test method was withdrawn in June 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to the unworkable method used to obtain any useful information.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D344 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of
Brushouts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quan-
Geometry
titative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint
relative to that of a comparison paint.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other
method, refer to Terminology D16 and the Paint/Coatings
methods of application as well. 3
Dictionary.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.1 relative hiding power, qualitative, n—the characteriza-
standard.
tion of a test paint as being better, equal, or poorer in hiding
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
power than a comparison paint.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 relative hiding power, quantitative, n—the spreading
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rate of a paint expressed as a percent of the spreading rate of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a comparison paint at equal hiding.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Qualitative—The test and comparison paints are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
brushed out uniformly at the same spreading rate on black and
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
white hiding power charts. After drying the brushouts are
Applications
compared visually to see which paint has been most effective
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
in reducing the substrate contrast.
and Related Products
4.2 Quantitative—Additional brushouts are made with the
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
comparison paint, if and as necessary, to determine the spread-
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
ing rate at which it matches the hiding of the test paint
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
brushout.
tometry
D5068 Practice for Preparation of Paint Brushes for Evalu-
5. Significance and Use
ation
5.1 This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test
E1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color
paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have signifi-
Specimens by Spectrophotometry
cance only within that relationship. It may be used for
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
production control or quality comparisons.
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
5.2 When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical
method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of thickness related to the application procedure and to the
Subcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.
application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally
equallywellbythismethodmightthereforedifferconsiderably
approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D344 – 11. DOI:
when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives
10.1520/D0344-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Coatings Association (ACA), 1500 Rhode Island
the ASTM website. Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005, http://www.paint.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D344 − 11 (2016)
essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface appli- 7.3 Calculate to three significant figures the volume V in
cation conditions can likewise give different results. millilitres to apply for the selected spreading rate SR as
follows:
NOTE 1—Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for
quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material
V mL 5 (1)
~ !
paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for
SR m /L
~ !
example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously,
7.4 Calculate to three significant figures, the weight W in
and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby
determined with a high degree of precision. grams corresponding to the volume V(mL) as follows:
5.3 Test Method D344 is less precise than Test Method W~g! 5 V~mL! 3D~g/mL!
D2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the
7.5 To prepare a brushout, first stir the paint well. Then
application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept
precondition the brush by dipping it into the paint and working
and execution.
it out on a smooth, nonporous surface as described in Practice
D5068. Take up the desired volume of paint in the syringe and
6. Apparatus
weigh it with the brush in the empty container. Place the test
chart on a level bench top, distribute the paint evenly over the
6.1 Balance,top-loadinglaboratorybalancehavingacapac-
test area of the chart, then brush the paint out uniformly within
ity of 100 g and sensitivity of 0.1 g.
the test area. Set the brushout aside to dry in a horizontal
6.2 Syringe, 10-mL capacity.
position, protected adequately from dust and under normal
room conditions of ventilation and temperature. Reweigh the
6.3 Paint Brush, ferrule 50 mm wide and 14 mm thick,
tapered polyester filaments 70 mm long with flagged chisel empty syringe with the brush and container.The loss of weight
represents the actual weight of paint applied to the test surface
trim tip.
as opposed to the intended weight calculated from 7.3 and 7.4.
6.4 Container, 250-mL beaker.
If there is a discrepancy do not attempt to correct it by
6.5 Test Surface, a smooth-surfaced paper chart having removing or applying paint since this would disturb the
adjacent black and white areas and coated with a suitable
leveling of the brushout. Instead, calculate the actual spreading
varnish or lacquer so as to render the surface impervious to rate as follows:
paint liquids. The black and white areas of the chart shall have
B
luminous reflectance factors of 1 % maximum and 75 % SR 5 3SR (2)
A B
A
minimum, respectively, when tested in accordance with Test
where:
Methods E1347 or E1349. The white areas of the charts used
in any one testing program shall not differ in their reflectance
SR = actual spreading rate,
A
factors by more than 1 %, and shall be nonfluorescent. Any B = intended weight,
A = actual weight, and
suitable regular design of contrasting areas may be used. The
SR = intended spreading rate.
chart shall have a defined test area of 0.1 m . Larger test areas
B
may be used if available, with appropriate modification of the
8. Evaluation Procedure
indicated calculations.
8.1 Viewing Conditions—When the test and comparison
6.6 Illumination, a light source providing diffuse light of
paint brushouts are thoroughly dry, place them vertically side
reasonable intensity, preferably northern sky light or an ap-
by side against a flat surface and view them from a distance of
proximation of same. (See Practice D1729).
1.5 to 3 m un
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.