ASTM D344-11

Standard Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have significance only within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.
When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film thickness related to the application procedure and to the application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide equally well by this method might therefore differ considerably when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface application conditions can likewise give different results.
Note 1—Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.
Test Method D344 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept and execution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2011
• ICS: 87.040 - Paints and varnishes
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.26 - Optical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D344-97(2004) - Standard Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Replaced By: ASTM D344-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts (Withdrawn 2018)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D5324-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Water-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D3730-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6441-05(2016) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D7489-09(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Touch-Up Properties of Architectural Coatings under Various Environmental Conditions
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D3806-19a - Standard Test Method of Small-Scale Evaluation of Fire-Retardant Paints (2-Foot Tunnel Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D5146-10(2019) - Standard Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D2805-11(2023) - Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6763-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D344 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of
1
Brushouts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quan-
Geometry
titative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint
relative to that of a comparison paint.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other
method, refer to Terminology D16 and the Paint/Coatings
methods of application as well. 3
Dictionary.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.1 relative hiding power, qualitative, n—the characteriza-
standard.
tion of a test paint as being better, equal, or poorer in hiding
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
power than a comparison paint.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 relative hiding power, quantitative, n—the spreading
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rate of a paint expressed as a percent of the spreading rate of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a comparison paint at equal hiding.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Qualitative—The test and comparison paints are
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
brushed out uniformly at the same spreading rate on black and
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
white hiding power charts. After drying the brushouts are
Applications
compared visually to see which paint has been most effective
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
in reducing the substrate contrast.
and Related Products
4.2 Quantitative—Additional brushouts are made with the
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
comparison paint, if and as necessary, to determine the spread-
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
ing rate at which it matches the hiding of the test paint
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
brushout.
tometry
D5068 Practice for Preparation of Paint Brushes for Evalu-
5. Significance and Use
ation
5.1 This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test
E1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color
paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have signifi-
Specimens by Spectrophotometry
cance only within that relationship. It may be used for
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
production control or quality comparisons.
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
5.2 When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical
method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of thickness related to the application procedure and to the
Subcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.
application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
equallywellbythismethodmightthereforedifferconsiderably
approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D344 – 97 (2004).
when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives
DOI: 10.1520/D0344-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT), 492
the ASTM website. Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350, http://www.coatingstech.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D344 − 11
essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface appli- 7.3 Calculate to three significant figures the volume V in
cation conditions can likewise give different results. millilitres to apply for the selected spreading rate SR as
follows:
NOTE 1—Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for
100
quantitatively
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D344–97(Reapproved2004) Designation:D344–11
Standard Test Method for
Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of
1
Brushouts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodprovidesforthequalitativeandquantitativevisualdeterminationofthehidingpowerofatestpaintrelative
to that of a comparison paint.
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other
methods of application as well.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
D5068 Practice for Preparation of Paint Brushes for Evaluation
E1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D16 and the Paint/Coatings Dictionary.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 relative hiding power, qualitativerelative hiding power, qualitative, n—the characterization of a test paint as being better,
equal, or poorer in hiding power than a comparison paint.
3.2.2 relative hiding power, quantitativerelative hiding power, quantitative, n—the spreading rate of a paint expressed as a
percent of the spreading rate of a comparison paint at equal hiding.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Qualitative—Thetestandcomparisonpaintsarebrushedoutuniformlyatthesamespreadingrateonblackandwhitehiding
power charts.After drying the brushouts are compared visually to see which paint has been most effective in reducing the substrate
contrast.
4.2 Quantitative—Additionalbrushoutsaremadewiththecomparisonpaint,ifandasnecessary,todeterminethespreadingrate
at which it matches the hiding of the test paint brushout.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.
Current edition approved Nov.June 1, 2004.2011. Published November 2004.June 2011. Originally approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 19972004 as
D344 – 97 (2004). DOI: 10.1520/D0344-97R04.10.1520/D0344-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Published byAvailable from Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT), 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350, http://www.coatingstech.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D344–11
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint.The results have significance only
within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.
5.2 When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film
thickness related to the application procedure and to the application
...