D01.26 - Optical Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the user to make a determination of the blueness or yellowness of the tint undertone of titanium dioxide pigments, versus a reference pigment agreed upon by the parties to the test. This is an important measure of tone, since it gives both a measure of effective particle size, and quick approximation of the blue/yellow undertone that can be expected when a coating containing the titanium dioxide is tinted.  
5.2 Such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions and the mechanical method of preparing the dispersion are left to the user. However, variation in these practices will lead to increased variance in the results, so users ought to fix these parameters, in-so-far as is possible, within any one laboratory. This will lead to reduced uncertainty of the results within that laboratory, and it is seldom that interlaboratory comparisons of this test result is needed.  
5.3 Each user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements due to variation of these parameters is negligibly small for the purpose for which the data are obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method results are suitable for use by manufacturers of colorants and bases for quality control purposes on manufactured product.  
5.2 The test method results are suitable for use by purchasers of colorants and bases for incoming quality control or the determination of money value of colorants and bases.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of strength of colorant dispersions, colored and white bases, for architectural, marine, maintenance, commercial, and industrial coatings.  
1.2 This test method applies to colorant dispersions and colored and white bases regardless of the methods used to disperse these materials.  
1.3 The resultant test value is in terms of percent strength in which a material stronger than standard is implied by values larger than 100 % and weaker than standard is implied by values less than 100 %. The value of 100 % implies exact strength conformance to the test method.  
1.4 This test method is suitable for the determination of strength when tolerances are set about standards that are prepared either by weight concentration or volume concentration.  
1.5 The test result is empirically determined. The user determines and supplies the standard for strength of the product under test and the test result is relative to that supplied standard.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a precise instrumental method giving results having an absolute physical significance without reference to a comparison paint. It should be used when maximum precision and minimum subjectivity are required, as in testing specification coatings or evaluating the hiding efficiency of pigments.  
5.2 Hiding power Test Method D344 is visual instead of instrumental, and gives results that are relative to a material standard instead of absolute. It is less precise than Test Method D2805 but more closely aligned with practical painting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, without reference to a material paint standard, of the hiding power of air dry coatings with Y tristimulus values greater than 15 %. With appropriate modification, it can also be used to test baking finishes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines hiding power of a test paint by visual evaluation of a spray applied coating.
Note 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for determining hiding power. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is determined photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.  
5.2 Test Method D6762 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is commonly used since it is more closely related to the application characteristics of the paint and is simpler in concept and evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.  
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers three levels of physical product standards (preparation, maintenance, and distribution) for color or geometric appearance, or both, of coatings commonly used in the coatings industry. Described here is terminology to describe each level, and techniques for generating and caring for standards. Product standards are the only standards by which products should be accepted or rejected for color or appearance. A master standard is generated from the concept color submitted by the customer. Duplicate master standards, when needed, are generated from the master standard. Working standards are generated from a duplicate master standard. They are used in the laboratory or on the production line to accept or reject the color or appearance of coatings. After initial generation, product standards must be maintained to ensure they remain valid. This guide considers the characteristics of product standards, factors to be considered in their creation, and factors to be considered in their replacement.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High quality physical product standards for color or appearance are the keystone of a successful color control program. Standards are often grouped into three major categories: product standards, intermediate production control standards, and instrument standards. This guide deals only with physical product standards. Some instrument-based color control programs use “numerical standards,” derived from instrumental measurements of a physical product standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical product standards for color or appearance, or both, commonly used in the coatings industry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating and caring for standards.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tinting strength is one of the most important properties of a white pigment. This test method provides a means of testing this property for quality control.  
4.2 This test method is a referee method, and the vehicle for preparing the dispersion and the black for tinting are suggested, but others may be used provided both the purchaser and the seller agree to the changes.  
4.3 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with industrial situations where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast, relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by reflectance measurements of black tints.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.  
Note 1: Test Method D332 describes a procedure for visual assessment of blue-tinted samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards.  
1.2 Users of this method should have normal color vision.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used as a referee method and for quality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersions and the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified but other vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any such changes in the test method must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.  
4.2 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast and relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visual assessment of blue tints.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.  
Note 1: Test Method D2745 describes a procedure for instrumental evaluation of black tinted samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many of the specimens that are regularly submitted to measurement depart in some degree from the ideal requirements. For this reason instrumental readings are affected importantly by the manner in which specimens are selected and presented for measurement. Reproducible measurements are facilitated by standardization and control of test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide to selection of specimens for appearance measurement by reflected light as well as a discussion of factors to be considered in their preparation for measurement. Standardized selection and presentation procedures will assist in achieving agreement between evaluations carried out in different laboratories as well as helping to achieve better correlations between visual evaluations and instrumental measurements.  
Note 1: This standard is not a practice for preparation of test panels of coatings; see Practices D823.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines hiding power of a test paint by visual evaluation of a spray applied coating.
Note 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for determining hiding power. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is determined photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.  
5.2 Test Method D6762 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is commonly used since it is more closely related to the application characteristics of the paint and is simpler in concept and evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.  
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method results are suitable for use by manufacturers of colorants and bases for quality control purposes on manufactured product.  
5.2 The test method results are suitable for use by purchasers of colorants and bases for incoming quality control or the determination of money value of colorants and bases.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of strength of colorant dispersions, colored and white bases, for architectural, marine, maintenance, commercial, and industrial coatings.  
1.2 This test method applies to colorant dispersions and colored and white bases regardless of the methods used to disperse these materials.  
1.3 The resultant test value is in terms of percent strength in which a material stronger than standard is implied by values larger than 100 % and weaker than standard is implied by values less than 100 %. The value of 100 % implies exact strength conformance to the test method.  
1.4 This test method is suitable for the determination of strength when tolerances are set about standards that are prepared either by weight concentration or volume concentration.  
1.5 The test result is empirically determined. The user determines and supplies the standard for strength of the product under test and the test result is relative to that supplied standard.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards.  
1.2 Users of this method should have normal color vision.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a precise instrumental method giving results having an absolute physical significance without reference to a comparison paint. It should be used when maximum precision and minimum subjectivity are required, as in testing specification coatings or evaluating the hiding efficiency of pigments.  
5.2 Hiding power Test Method D344 is visual instead of instrumental, and gives results that are relative to a material standard instead of absolute. It is less precise than Test Method D2805 but more closely aligned with practical painting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, without reference to a material paint standard, of the hiding power of air dry coatings with Y tristimulus values greater than 15 %. With appropriate modification, it can also be used to test baking finishes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method results are suitable for use by manufacturers of colorants and bases for quality control purposes on manufactured product.  
5.2 The test method results are suitable for use by purchasers of colorants and bases for incoming quality control or the determination of money value of colorants and bases.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of strength of colorant dispersions, colored and white bases, for architectural, marine, maintenance, commercial, and industrial coatings.  
1.2 This test method applies to colorant dispersions and colored and white bases regardless of the methods used to disperse these materials.  
1.3 The resultant test value is in terms of percent strength in which a material stronger than standard is implied by values larger than 100 % and weaker than standard is implied by values less than 100 %. The value of 100 % implies exact strength conformance to the test method.  
1.4 This test method is suitable for the determination of strength when tolerances are set about standards that are prepared either by weight concentration or volume concentration.  
1.5 The test result is empirically determined. The user determines and supplies the standard for strength of the product under test and the test result is relative to that supplied standard.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines hiding power of a test paint by visual evaluation of a spray applied coating.
Note 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for determining hiding power. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is determined photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.  
5.2 Test Method D6762 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is commonly used since it is more closely related to the application characteristics of the paint and is simpler in concept and evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.  
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the user to make a determination of the blueness or yellowness of the tint undertone of titanium dioxide pigments, versus a reference pigment agreed upon by the parties to the test. This is an important measure of tone, since it gives both a measure of effective particle size, and quick approximation of the blue/yellow undertone that can be expected when a coating containing the titanium dioxide is tinted.  
5.2 Such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions and the mechanical method of preparing the dispersion are left to the user. However, variation in these practices will lead to increased variance in the results, so users ought to fix these parameters, in-so-far as is possible, within any one laboratory. This will lead to reduced uncertainty of the results within that laboratory, and it is seldom that interlaboratory comparisons of this test result is needed.  
5.3 Each user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements due to variation of these parameters is negligibly small for the purpose for which the data are obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers three levels of physical product standards (preparation, maintenance, and distribution) for color or geometric appearance, or both, of coatings commonly used in the coatings industry. Described here is terminology to describe each level, and techniques for generating and caring for standards. Product standards are the only standards by which products should be accepted or rejected for color or appearance. A master standard is generated from the concept color submitted by the customer. Duplicate master standards, when needed, are generated from the master standard. Working standards are generated from a duplicate master standard. They are used in the laboratory or on the production line to accept or reject the color or appearance of coatings. After initial generation, product standards must be maintained to ensure they remain valid. This guide considers the characteristics of product standards, factors to be considered in their creation, and factors to be considered in their replacement.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High quality physical product standards for color or appearance are the keystone of a successful color control program. Standards are often grouped into three major categories: product standards, intermediate production control standards, and instrument standards. This guide deals only with physical product standards. Some instrument-based color control programs use “numerical standards,” derived from instrumental measurements of a physical product standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical product standards for color or appearance, or both, commonly used in the coatings industry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating and caring for standards.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tinting strength is one of the most important properties of a white pigment. This test method provides a means of testing this property for quality control.  
4.2 This test method is a referee method, and the vehicle for preparing the dispersion and the black for tinting are suggested, but others may be used provided both the purchaser and the seller agree to the changes.  
4.3 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with industrial situations where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast, relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by reflectance measurements of black tints.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.  
Note 1: Test Method D332 describes a procedure for visual assessment of blue-tinted samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used as a referee method and for quality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersions and the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified but other vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any such changes in the test method must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.  
4.2 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast and relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visual assessment of blue tints.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.  
Note 1: Test Method D2745 describes a procedure for instrumental evaluation of black tinted samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many of the specimens that are regularly submitted to measurement depart in some degree from the ideal requirements. For this reason instrumental readings are affected importantly by the manner in which specimens are selected and presented for measurement. Reproducible measurements are facilitated by standardization and control of test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide to selection of specimens for appearance measurement by reflected light as well as a discussion of factors to be considered in their preparation for measurement. Standardized selection and presentation procedures will assist in achieving agreement between evaluations carried out in different laboratories as well as helping to achieve better correlations between visual evaluations and instrumental measurements.  
Note 1: This standard is not a practice for preparation of test panels of coatings; see Practices D823.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the user to make a quick determination of the blueness or yellowness of the tint undertone of titanium dioxide pigments, versus a reference pigment agreed upon by the parties to the test. This is an important measure of tone, since it gives both a measure of effective particle size, and quick approximation of the blue/yellow undertone that can be expected when a coating containing the titanium dioxide is tinted.  
5.2 Such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions, and the black for tinting have been suggested. However, changes in the components may be made by agreement between the buyer and the seller.  
5.3 The results obtained with a mechanical muller do not necessarily correlate directly with a practice where different dispersion conditions exist. However, dispersion with a mechanical muller is a quick and inexpensive way of evaluating the undertone of a titanium dioxide pigment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment. It is based upon tinting with a black iron oxide, but other blacks may be used if found suitable.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This is a precise instrumental method giving results having an absolute physical significance without reference to a comparison paint. It should be used when maximum precision and minimum subjectivity are required, as in testing specification coatings or evaluating the hiding efficiency of pigments.
Hiding power Test Method D344 is visual instead of instrumental, and gives results that are relative to a material standard instead of absolute. It is less precise than Test Method D2805 but more closely aligned with practical painting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, without reference to a material paint standard, of the hiding power of air dry coatings with Y tristimulus values greater than 15 %. With appropriate modification, it can also be used to test baking finishes.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers three levels of physical product standards (preparation, maintenance, and distribution) for color or geometric appearance, or both, of coatings commonly used in the coatings industry. Described here is terminology to describe each level, and techniques for generating and caring for standards. Product standards are the only standards by which products should be accepted or rejected for color or appearance. A master standard is generated from the concept color submitted by the customer. Duplicate master standards, when needed, are generated from the master standard. Working standards are generated from a duplicate master standard. They are used in the laboratory or on the production line to accept or reject the color or appearance of coatings. After initial generation, product standards must be maintained to ensure they remain valid. This guide considers the characteristics of product standards, factors to be considered in their creation, and factors to be considered in their replacement.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
High quality physical product standards for color or appearance are the keystone of a successful color control program. Standards are often grouped into three major categories: product standards, intermediate production control standards, and instrument standards. This guide deals only with physical product standards. Some instrument-based color control programs use “numerical standards,” derived from instrumental measurements of a physical product standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical product standards for color or appearance, or both, commonly used in the coatings industry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating and caring for standards.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have significance only within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.
When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film thickness related to the application procedure and to the application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide equally well by this method might therefore differ considerably when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface application conditions can likewise give different results.
Note 1—Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.
Test Method D344 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept and execution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used as a referee method and for quality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersions and the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified but other vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any such changes in the test method must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast and relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visual assessment of blue tints.
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.
Note 1—Test Method D2745 describes a procedure for instrumental evaluation of black tinted samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many of the specimens that are regularly submitted to measurement depart in some degree from the ideal requirements. For this reason instrumental readings are affected importantly by the manner in which specimens are selected and presented for measurement. Reproducible measurements are facilitated by standardization and control of test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide to selection of specimens for appearance measurement by reflected light as well as a discussion of factors to be considered in their preparation for measurement. Standardized selection and presentation procedures will assist in achieving agreement between evaluations carried out in different laboratories as well as helping to achieve better correlations between visual evaluations and instrumental measurements.
Note 1—This standard is not a practice for preparation of test panels of coatings; see Practices D823.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards.
1.2 Users of this method should have normal color vision.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method determines hiding power of a test paint by visual evaluation of a spray applied coating.
Note 1—Test Method D 2805 describes an instrumental method for determining hiding power. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is determined photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.
Test Method D 6762 is less precise than Test Method D 2805, but is commonly used since it is more closely related to the application characteristics of the paint and is simpler in concept and evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Color and tinting strength are the most important properties of a color pigment. This test method provides a means of testing these properties for quality control.
This test method is intended as a referee method so that such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions and the white for making tints have been suggested. However, other vehicles and whites may be suitable for quality control purposes, and changes in this test method are allowed by agreement between the parties to a test.
It is assumed that the most exact comparison of mass color and tinting strength occurs when the pigment is completely dispersed. By following the procedure described in Annex A1, the conditions for achieving the maximum practical degree of dispersion with a mechanical muller may be determined. Color and strength tests should be carried out under these conditions.
The results obtained with a mechanical muller do not necessarily correlate directly with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersion with a mechanical muller is a quick and inexpensive way of testing the color and strength of a pigment for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to compare the color and strength of a pigment under test with a reference standard of the same type and grade.
1.2 This test method does not apply to white pigments.
Note 1—Test Method D 3022 is similar to this test method, but it utilizes a miniature sandmill rather than a mechanical muller, to disperse the chromatic pigment.
Note 2—Test Method D 332 and Test Method D 2745 are similar to this test method, but they are intended for use with white pigments, rather than chromatic pigments.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the preferred unit of measurement. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tinting strength is one of the most important properties of a white pigment. This test method provides a means of testing this property for quality control.
This test method is a referee method, and the vehicle for preparing the dispersion and the black for tinting are suggested, but others may be used provided both the purchaser and the seller agree to the changes.  
The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with industrial situations where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast, relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by reflectance measurements of black tints.
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.
Note 1—Test Method D 332 describes a procedure for visual assessment of blue-tinted samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The rejection of materials due to color is a common and expensive occurrence, and it is useful for a customer and producer to set a color specification with an associated tolerance before the transaction. This guide discusses the concept and details the ASTM standards to be used in the process.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide leads the user through the process for setting a color tolerance for a product or material. It points to the appropriate ASTM standards that affect each step of the process. It includes the discussion points on which the two parties must agree and provides caveats for various options selected.
1.2 This guide does not suggest numerical values for tolerances. These values must be agreed upon by the two parties involved.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a way of testing the color and strength of pigments by use of a miniature sandmill. It correlates well with industrial practice and is used for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, through the use of a miniature sandmill, of the color and strength of dry color pigments.  
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers three levels of physical product standards (preparation, maintenance, and distribution) for color or geometric appearance, or both, of coatings commonly used in the coatings industry. Described here is terminology to describe each level, and techniques for generating and caring for standards. Product standards are the only standards by which products should be accepted or rejected for color or appearance. A master standard is generated from the concept color submitted by the customer. Duplicate master standards, when needed, are generated from the master standard. Working standards are generated from a duplicate master standard. They are used in the laboratory or on the production line to accept or reject the color or appearance of coatings. After initial generation, product standards must be maintained to ensure they remain valid. This guide considers the characteristics of product standards, factors to be considered in their creation, and factors to be considered in their replacement.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
High quality physical product standards for color or appearance are the keystone of a successful color control program. Standards are often grouped into three major categories: product standards, intermediate production control standards, and instrument standards. This guide deals only with physical product standards. Some instrument-based color control programs use “numerical standards,” derived from instrumental measurements of a physical product standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical product standards for color commonly used in the coatings industry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating standards.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method allows the user to make a quick determination of the blueness or yellowness of the tint undertone of titanium dioxide pigments, versus a reference pigment agreed upon by the parties to the test. This is an important measure of tone, since it gives both a measure of effective particle size, and quick approximation of the blue/yellow undertone that can be expected when a coating containing the titanium dioxide is tinted.
Such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions, and the black for tinting have been suggested. However, changes in the components may be made by agreement between the buyer and the seller.
The results obtained with a mechanical muller do not necessarily correlate directly with a practice where different dispersion conditions exist. However, dispersion with a mechanical muller is a quick and inexpensive way of evaluating the undertone of a titanium dioxide pigment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment. It is based upon tinting with a black iron oxide, but other blacks may be used if found suitable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used as a referee method and for quality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersions and the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified but other vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any such changes in the test method must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast and relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visual assessment of blue tints.
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade. Test Method D 2745 describes a procedure for instrumental evaluation of black tinted samples.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have significance only within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.
When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film thickness related to the application procedure and to the application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide equally well by this method might therefore differ considerably when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface application conditions can likewise give different results.
Note 1—Test Method D 2805 describes an instrumental method for quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.
Test Method D 344 is less precise than Test Method D 2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept and execution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.
1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many of the specimens that are regularly submitted to measurement depart in some degree from the ideal requirements. For this reason instrumental readings are affected importantly by the manner in which specimens are selected and presented for measurement. Reproducible measurements are facilitated by standardization and control of test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide to selection of specimens for appearance measurement as well as a discussion of factors to be considered in their preparation for measurement. Standardized selection and presentation procedures will assist in achieving agreement between evaluations carried out in different laboratories as well as helping to achieve better correlations between visual evaluations and instrumental measurements.
Note 1—This standard is not a practice for preparation of test panels of coatings; see Practices D 823.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards.
1.2 Users of this method should have normal color vision.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This is a precise instrumental method giving results having an absolute physical significance without reference to a comparison paint. It should be used when maximum precision and minimum subjectivity are required, as in testing specification coatings or evaluating the hiding efficiency of pigments.
Hiding power Test Method D 344 is visual instead of instrumental, and gives results that are relative to a material standard instead of absolute. It is less precise than Test Method D 2805 but more closely aligned with practical painting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, without reference to a material paint standard, of the hiding power of air dry coatings with Y tristimulus values greater than 15%. With appropriate modification, it can also be used to test baking finishes.
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical product standards for color commonly used in the coatings industry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating standards.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method determines hiding power of a test paint by visual evaluation of a spray applied coating.
Note 1—Test Method D 2805 describes an instrumental method for determining hiding power. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is determined photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.
Test Method D 6762 is less precise than Test Method D 2805, but is commonly used since it is more closely related to the application characteristics of the paint and is simpler in concept and evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.
1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by reflectance measurements of black tints.
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.
Note 1--Test Method D332 describes a procedure for visual assessment of blue-tinted samples.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tinting strength is one of the most important properties of a white pigment. This test method provides a means of testing this property for quality control.
This test method is a referee method, and the vehicle for preparing the dispersion and the black for tinting are suggested, but others may be used provided both the purchaser and the seller agree to the changes.  
The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with industrial situations where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast, relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by reflectance measurements of black tints.
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.
Note 1--Test Method D332 describes a procedure for visual assessment of blue-tinted samples.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Color and tinting strength are the most important properties of a color pigment. This test method provides a means of testing these properties for quality control.
This test method is intended as a referee method so that such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions and the white for making tints have been suggested. However, other vehicles and whites may be suitable for quality control purposes, and changes in this test method are allowed by agreement between the parties to a test.
It is assumed that the most exact comparison of mass color and tinting strength occurs when the pigment is completely dispersed. By following the procedure described in Annex A1, the conditions for achieving the maximum practical degree of dispersion with a mechanical muller may be determined. Color and strength tests should be carried out under these conditions.
The results obtained with a mechanical muller do not necessarily correlate directly with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersion with a mechanical muller is a quick and inexpensive way of testing the color and strength of a pigment for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to compare the color and strength of a pigment under test with a reference standard of the same type and grade.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to white pigments.  Note 1-Test Method D3022 is similar to this test method, but it utilizes a miniature sandmill rather than a mechanical muller, to disperse the color pigment. Note 2-Test Method D332 and Test Method D2745 are similar to this test method, but they are intended for use with white pigments, rather than color pigments.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical product standards for color commonly used in the coatings industry, provides terminology to describe each level, and describes techniques for generating standards.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide to selection of specimens for appearance measurement as well as a discussion of factors to be considered in their preparation for measurement. Standardized selection and presentation procedures will assist in achieving agreement between evaluations carried out in different laboratories as well as helping to achieve better correlations between visual evaluations and instrumental measurements.  
Note 1 - This standard is not a practice for preparation of test panels of coatings; See Practice D 823.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards. It applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. >

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment. It is based upon tinting with a black iron oxide, but other blacks may be used if found suitable.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.