ASTM D2697-03
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
Standard Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide a measure of the volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of liquid coating. This value is useful for comparing the coverage (square feet of surface covered at a specified dry film thickness per unit volume) obtainable with different coating products.
For various reasons the value obtained may not be equal to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and volumes of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may be the same, greater, or less than the total volume of the separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin solutions is governed by a number of factors, one of which is the extent and direction of spread between solubility parameters of the resin and solvent.
The spatial configuration of the pigment particles and the degree to which the spaces between the pigment particles are filled with the binder also affect the volume of a dry coating formulation. Above the critical pigment volume concentration, the apparent volume of the dry film is significantly greater than theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between pigment particles. The use of volume nonvolatile matter values in such instances should be carefully considered as the increased volume is largely due to air trapped in these voids.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety of coatings. An interlaboratory study to establish the precision of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer, water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel, a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D2697–03
Standard Test Method for
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Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2697; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope tested. The weight and volume of the disk plus dried coating is
determined by weighing in air and then by weighing in a liquid
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the
of known density. The volume being equal to the quotient of
determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety
the weight loss of the coated disk (due to the Archimedes
of coatings. An interlaboratory study to establish the precision
buoyancy effect) divided by the density of the liquid displaced.
of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex
The liquid may be water, organic liquid such as low-solvency
paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-
mineral spirits or kerosine, or with special modifications not
reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer,
covered specifically in this method, mercury. The choice of
water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer
liquid depends upon the nature of the coating tested.
topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel,
a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking
NOTE 1—Distilled water is suitable for most paints. Exceptions are
enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint. coatings that contain ingredients that are readily leached out of the dry
film by the water and low-gloss coatings, the surface of which is poorly
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
wet by water even with surfactant added. (Note 2) Low-solvency
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
hydrocarbon solvent (KB below 36) is also practical for most paints and
only.
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is preferred by some workers. It is considered to be particularly good for
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
paint films not readily wet by water. Analogously, organic solvents must
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
not be used if the coating to be tested contains ingredients that will be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dissolved readily by the solvent. Lacquers containing monomeric plasti-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- cizers would be examples where hydrocarbon solvents should definitely
not be used. Coatings formulated much above the CPVC present a special
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
problem, where mercury might be the desired “suspending” liquid (Note
3), and for solvent-reducible paints hydrocarbon solvent might be consid-
2. Referenced Documents
ered the poorest (unless it is the objective to obtain values closer to
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
“theoretical” spaces between pigment particles not filled with binder,
D 1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
becoming partially filled with solvent during the test).
and Related Products
NOTE 2—Concentration of surfactant must be kept very low or litera-
D 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings ture values for the density of the water cannot be used.
NOTE 3—Details of the mercury displacement techniques can be found
D 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
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in the literature.
Pigmented Coatings
D 3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
3.2 From the measured weights and volumes of the disk
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Related Materials before and after coating, the weight and volume of the dried
coating film are calculated. Based on the density of the liquid
3. Summary of Test Method
coating and the weight percent nonvolatile matter, the volume
3.1 The weight and volume of a stainless steel disk is to be
of the liquid coating deposited on the coated disk is calculated.
determined; after the disk is coated with the material being
The volume of the dried coating divided by the volume of
liquid coating, multiplied by 100, provides the volume percent
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nonvolatile matter in the total liquid coating.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originally
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 1986 as D 2697 – 86 (1998).
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For referenced ASTM s
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