ASTM D2697-03(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
Standard Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide a measure of the volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of liquid coating. This value is useful for comparing the coverage (square feet of surface covered at a specified dry film thickness per unit volume) obtainable with different coating products.
For various reasons the value obtained may not be equal to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and volumes of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may be the same, greater, or less than the total volume of the separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin solutions is governed by a number of factors, one of which is the extent and direction of spread between solubility parameters of the resin and solvent.
The spatial configuration of the pigment particles and the degree to which the spaces between the pigment particles are filled with the binder also affect the volume of a dry coating formulation. Above the critical pigment volume concentration, the apparent volume of the dry film is significantly greater than theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between pigment particles. The use of volume nonvolatile matter values in such instances should be carefully considered as the increased volume is largely due to air trapped in these voids.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety of coatings. An interlaboratory study to establish the precision of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer, water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel, a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2697 − 03 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2697; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The weight and volume of a stainless steel disk is to be
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the
determined; after the disk is coated with the material being
determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety
tested. The weight and volume of the disk plus dried coating is
of coatings. An interlaboratory study to establish the precision
determined by weighing in air and then by weighing in a liquid
of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex
of known density. The volume being equal to the quotient of
paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-
the weight loss of the coated disk (due to the Archimedes
reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer,
buoyancy effect) divided by the density of the liquid displaced.
water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer
The liquid may be water, organic liquid such as low-solvency
topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel,
mineral spirits or kerosine, or with special modifications not
a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking
covered specifically in this method, mercury. The choice of
enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
liquid depends upon the nature of the coating tested.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
NOTE 1—Distilled water is suitable for most paints. Exceptions are
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
coatings that contain ingredients that are readily leached out of the dry
only.
film by the water and low-gloss coatings, the surface of which is poorly
wet by water even with surfactant added. (Note 2) Low-solvency
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
hydrocarbon solvent (KB below 36) is also practical for most paints and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is preferred by some workers. It is considered to be particularly good for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
paint films not readily wet by water. Analogously, organic solvents must
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
not be used if the coating to be tested contains ingredients that will be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. dissolved readily by the solvent. Lacquers containing monomeric plasti-
cizers would be examples where hydrocarbon solvents should definitely
not be used. Coatings formulated much above the CPVC present a special
2. Referenced Documents
problem, where mercury might be the desired “suspending” liquid (Note
2 3), and for solvent-reducible paints hydrocarbon solvent might be consid-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ered the poorest (unless it is the objective to obtain values closer to
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
“theoretical” spaces between pigment particles not filled with binder,
and Related Products
becoming partially filled with solvent during the test).
NOTE2—Concentrationofsurfactantmustbekeptveryloworliterature
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
values for the density of the water cannot be used.
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
NOTE 3—Details of the mercury displacement techniques can be found
Pigmented Coatings
in the literature.
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
3.2 From the measured weights and volumes of the disk
Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
before and after coating, the weight and volume of the dried
coating film are calculated. Based on the density of the liquid
coating and the weight percent nonvolatile matter, the volume
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
of the liquid coating deposited on the coated disk is calculated.
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
The volume of the dried coating divided by the volume of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally liquid coating, multiplied by 100, provides the volume percent
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2697 – 03. DOI:
nonvolatile matter in the total liquid coating.
10.1520/D2697-03R08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Bissey, J. E., Offıcial Digest, Federation of Paint andVarnish Production Clubs,
the ASTM website. Vol 35, 1963, p. 1072, and Ashton, H. E., Materials Research and Standards, Vol 1,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on 1961, p. 549.
www.astm.org. Cole, R. J., Journal, Oil Colour Chemists’ Assn., Vol. 45, 1962 , p. 776.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2697 − 03 (2008)
4. Significance and Use drops of wetting agent (Note 2) added to the liquid will help to
ensure rapid and thorough wetting of the disk. Be careful that
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a measure of the
no air bubbles form on the disk or wire. Mark the level of
volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of
liquid in the 1-L beaker necessary for complete immersion of
liquid coating. This value is useful for comparing the coverage
thediskwhichshouldbeatleast20mm( ⁄4in.)abovethedisk.
(square feet of surface covered at a specified dry film thickness
Maintain this level in subsequent weighings when the disk is
per unit volume) obtainable with different coating products.
coated.
4.2 For various reasons the value obtained may not be equal
6.3 Record the temperature of the liquid. Obtain the density
to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and
of the liquid at the temperature used, from a table, such as is
volumes of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is
found for pure water in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may
or determine it to 0.001 g/mL.
be the same, greater, or less than the total volume of the
6.4 Calculate the volume of the disk, G, in millilitres as
separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin
solutions is governed by a number of factors, one of which is follows:
the extent and direction of spread between solubility param-
G 5 ~w 2 w !/D (1)
1 2
eters of the resin and solvent.
4.3 The spatial configuration of the pigment particles and
where:
the degree to which the spaces between the pigment particles
w = weight of disk in air, g
arefilledwiththebinderalsoaffectthevolumeofadrycoating
w = weight of disk in liquid, g, and
formulation.Above the critical pigment volume concentration,
D = density of liquid at temperature of test, g/mL.
the apparent volume of the dry film is significantly greater than
7. Procedure
theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between
pigment particles.The use of volume nonvolatile matter values
7.1 Take a representative sample of the liquid coating in
in such instances should be carefully considered as the in-
accordancewithPracticeD3925.Mixthoroughlybeforetaking
creased volume is
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2697–86 (Reapproved 1998) Designation:D2697–03(Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2697; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety of
coatings.An interlaboratory study to establish the precision of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex paint and
three automotive coatings that included a solvent-reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer, water reducible
enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel, a flat wall paint, a
gloss house enamel, an industrial baking enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1475 Test Method forFor Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
D 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
D 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
D 3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The weight and volume of a stainless steel disk is to be determined; after the disk is coated with the material being tested.
The weight and volume of the disk plus dried coating is determined by weighing in air and then by weighing in a liquid of known
density. The volume being equal to the quotient of the weight loss of the coated disk (due to the Archimedes buoyancy effect)
divided by the density of the liquid displaced. The liquid may be water, organic liquid such as low-solvency mineral spirits or
kerosine, or with special modifications not covered specifically in this method, mercury. The choice of liquid depends upon the
nature of the coating tested.
NOTE 1—Distilled water is suitable for most paints. Exceptions are coatings that contain ingredients that are readily leached out of the dry film by the
water and low-gloss coatings, the surface of which is poorly wet by water even with surfactant added. (Note 2) Low-solvency hydrocarbon solvent (KB
below 36) is also practical for most paints and is preferred by some workers. It is considered to be particularly good for paint films not readily wet by
water.Analogously,organicsolventsmustnotbeusedifthecoatingtobetestedcontainsingredientsthatwillbedissolvedreadilybythesolvent.Lacquers
containing monomeric plasticizers would be examples where hydrocarbon solvents should definitely not be used. Coatings formulated much above the
CPVC present a special problem, where mercury might be the desired “suspending” liquid (Note 3), and for solvent-reducible paints hydrocarbon solvent
might be considered the poorest (unless it is the objective to obtain values closer to “theoretical” spaces between pigment particles not filled with binder,
becoming partially filled with solvent during the test).
NOTE 2—Concentration of surfactant must be kept very low or literature values for the density of the water cannot be used.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved April 25, 1986.Nov. 1, 2008. Published June 1986.November 2008. Originally published as D2697–68.approved in 1968. Last previous edition
D2697–73 (1979).approved in 2003 as D 2697 – 03.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Volume 06.01. volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Withdrawn.
Bissey, J. E., Offıcial Digest, Federation of Paint andVarnish Production Clubs,Vol 35, 1963, p. 1072, andAshton, H. E., Materials Research and Standards,Vol 1, 1961,
p. 549.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2697–03 (2008)
NOTE 3—Details of the mercury displacement techniques can be found in the literature.
3.2 From the measured weights and volumes of the disk before and after coating, the weight and volume of the dried coating
film are calculated. Based on the density of the liquid coating and the weight percent nonvolatile matter, the volume of the liquid
coating deposited on the coated disk is calculated. The volume of the dried coating divided by the volume of liquid coating,
multiplied by 100, provides the volume percent nonvolatile matter in the total liquid coating.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a measure of the volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of liquid
coating. This value is useful for comparing the coverage (square feet of surface covered at a specified dry film thickness per unit
volume) obtainable with different coating products.
4.2 For various reasons the value obtained may not be equal to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and volumes
of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may be the same,
greater, or less than the total volume of the separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin solutions is governed by
a number of factors, one of which is the extent and direction of spread between solubility parameters of the resin and solvent.
4.3 Thespatialconfigurationofthepigmentparticlesandthedegreetowhichthespacesbetweenthepigmentparticlesarefilled
with the binder also affect the volume of a dry coating formulation.Above the critical pigment volume concentration, the apparent
volume of the dry film is significantly greater than theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between pigment particles. The
use of volume nonvolatile matter values in such instances should be carefully considered as the increased volume is largely due
to air trapped in these voids.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Analytical Balance.
3 3
5.2 Steel Disk, preferably stainless steel, 2 ⁄8 in. (60 mm)60 mm (2 ⁄8 in.) in diameter and 22 gage (0.65 mm) in thickness with
a small hole near the circumference. A fine wire, such as Chromel A, 28 gage (0.32 mm), is attached through the hole and made
the appropriate length for subsequent suspension of the disk in a liquid. The wire should have a small loop on the upper end so
the disk and wire can be hung by this loop on the balance.
NOTE 4—Instead of steel disks, some analysts use aluminum tubes. In the round-robin results, essentially no difference was found in the precision
obtained by both methods. Source and dimensions of these tubes are described in the annex.
5.3 Counterweight, to be placed on the balance stirrup after hanger bow and pan are removed.
5.4 Beaker, 1-L—For easier manipulation during the weighing of disk in liquid it
...
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