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ASTM D7873-13e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120°C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120°C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.  
5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, resulting in varnish formation during field service. The level of varnish formation in service will be dependent on many factors (turbine design, reservoir temperature, duty-cycle, for example. peaking, cycling, or base-load duty, maintenance, and so forth) and a direct correlation between results in this test and field varnish formation are yet to be established.  
5.3 Oxidation condition at 120 °C under accelerated oxidation environment of Test Method D4310 and measurement of sludge and RPVOT value could reflect a practical oil quality in actual turbine operations. Results from this test should be used together with other key lubricant performance indicators (including other established oxidation and corrosion tests) to indicate suitability for service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth).  
1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2013
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.09.0C - Oxidation of Turbine Oils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7873-13 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120°C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Replaced By
ASTM D7873-13e2 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7155-20 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures of Turbine Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013

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ASTM D7873-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120°C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)ASTM D7873-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120°C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
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ASTM D7873-13e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120°C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D7873 − 13
StandardTest Method for
Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles
Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the
1
Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7873; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Section 3 was corrected editorially in May 2014.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the
A510M Specification for General Requirements for Wire
oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst
Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel (Metric)
(copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method 3
(Withdrawn 2011)
may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulat-
B1 Specification for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire
ing oils and so forth).
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited
1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method
Mineral Oils
D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the
D2272 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Tur-
presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.
bine Oils by Rotating Pressure Vessel
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Petroleum Products
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. D4310 Test Method for Determination of Sludging and
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils
figures are provided for information only for those using old
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
equipment based on non-SI units.
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.2 Other Standards:
4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Specification for IP Standard Thermometers
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory Use—
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 5
Specification and Test Methods
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
3. Terminology
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
3.1 Definitions:
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
3.1.1 sludge, n—a precipitate or sediment from oxidized
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma- mineral oil that is insoluble in n-heptane.
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
may be prohibited by law. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on www.astm.org.
4
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
Subcommittee D02.09.0C on Oxidation of Turbine Oils. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
5
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/ Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
D7873-13E01. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D7873 − 13
4. Summary of Test Method suitable opaque materials, that prevent light from entering the
test cell from the sides is preferred. If a viewing window is
4.1 Atotalofsixtoeighttubescontaining360mLofsample
includedinthedesign,thisviewingwindowshallbefittedwith
each are heated at 120 °C with oxygen in the presence of an
a suitable opaque cover and be kept closed when no observa-
iron-copper catalyst. Each tube is removed ov
...

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Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.  
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ASTM D4177-22e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

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4.1 Representative samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical and physical properties, which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial terms and regulatory requirements. This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. This practice does not address how to sample crude at temperatures below the freezing point of water.
PART I—General
This part is applicable to all petroleum liquid sampling whether it be crude oil or refined products. Review this section before designing or installing any automatic sampling system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures and equipment for automatically obtaining samples of liquid petroleum and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container. This practice also provides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling. If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids.  
1.2 Table of Contents:    
Section  
INTRODUCTION  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
PART I–GENERAL  
Representative Sampling Components  
5  
Design Criteria  
6  
Automatic Sampling Systems  
7  
Sampling Location  
8  
Mixing of the Flowing Stream  
9  
Proportionality  
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Sample Extractor Grab Volume  
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Containers  
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Sample Handling and Mixing  
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Control Systems  
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Sample System Security  
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System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests)  
16  
Performance Monitoring  
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PART II–CRUDE OIL  
Crude Oil  
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PART III–REFINED PRODUCTS  
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19  
KEYWORDS  
Keywords  
20  
ANNEXES  
Calculations of the Margin of Error based on Number of Sample Grabs  
Annex A1  
Theoretical Calculations for Selecting the Sampler Probe Location  
Annex A2  
Portable Sampling Units  
Annex A3  
Profile Performance Test  
Annex A4  
Sampler Acceptance Test Data  
Annex A5  
APPENDIXES  
Design Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System  
Appendix X1  
Comparisons of Percent Sediment and Water versus Unloading Time Period  
Appendix X2  
Sampling Frequency and Sampling System Monitoring Spreadsheet  
Appendix X3  
Sampling System Monitoring—Additional Diagnostics  
Appendix X4  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or US Customary (USC) units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Except where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as for National Pipe Threads/diameters, or tubing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4057-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Samples of petroleum and petroleum products are obtained for many reasons, including the determination of chemical and physical properties. These properties may be used for: calculating standard volumes; establishing product value; and often safety and regulatory reporting.  
4.2 There are inherent limitations when performing any type of sampling, any one of which may affect the representative nature of the sample. As examples, a spot sample provides a sample from only one particular point in the tank, vessel compartment, or pipeline. In the case of running or all-level samples, the sample only represents the column of material from which it was taken.  
4.3 Based on the product, and testing to be performed, this practice provides guidance on sampling equipment, container preparation, and manual sampling procedures for petroleum and petroleum products of a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid state, from the storage tanks, flowlines, pipelines, marine vessels, process vessels, drums, cans, tubes, bags, kettles, and open discharge streams into the primary sample container.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment for manually obtaining samples of liquid petroleum and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container are described. Procedures are also included for the sampling of free water and other heavy components associated with petroleum and petroleum products.  
1.2 This practice also addresses the sampling of semi-liquid or solid-state petroleum products. For the sampling of green petroleum coke, see Practice D8145. For the sampling of calcined petroleum coke, see Practice D6970.  
1.3 This practice provides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling.  
1.4 This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3).  
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1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. USC units are reflected in parentheses.  
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ASTM D5291-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is the first ASTM standard covering the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants.  
5.2 Carbon, hydrogen, and particularly nitrogen analyses are useful in determining the complex nature of sample types covered by this test method. The CHN results can be used to estimate the processing and refining potentials and yields in the petrochemical industry.  
5.3 The concentration of nitrogen is a measure of the presence of nitrogen containing additives. Knowledge of its concentration can be used to predict performance. Some petroleum products also contain naturally occurring nitrogen. Knowledge of hydrogen content in samples is helpful in addressing their performance characteristics. Hydrogen to carbon ratio is useful to assess the performance of upgrading processes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 % to 87 % by mass for carbon, at least 9 % to 16 % by mass for hydrogen, and  
1.3 The nitrogen test method is not applicable to light materials or those containing  
1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 % by mass nitrogen in lubricants could be determined.  
1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels.  
1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6304-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the water content is important in the manufacturing, purchase, sale, or transfer of petroleum products to help in predicting their quality and performance characteristics.  
5.2 The presence of moisture could lead to premature corrosion and wear, an increase in the debris load resulting in diminished lubrication and premature plugging of filters, an impedance in the effect of additives, and undesirable support of deleterious bacterial growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the direct determination of entrained water in petroleum products and hydrocarbons using automated instrumentation. This test method also covers the indirect analysis of water thermally removed from samples and swept with dry inert gas into the Karl Fischer titration cell. Mercaptan, sulfide (S– or H2S), sulfur, and other compounds are known to interfere with this test method (see Section 6). The precision statement of this method covers the nominal range of 20 mg/kg to 25 000 mg/kg for Procedure A, 30 mg/kg to 2100 mg/kg for Procedure B, and 20 mg/kg to 360 mg/kg for Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with commercially available coulometric Karl Fischer reagents and for the determination of water in additives, lube oils, base oils, automatic transmission fluids, hydrocarbon solvents, and other petroleum products. By proper choice of the sample size, this test method may be used for the determination of water from mg/kg to percent level concentrations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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