ASTM C1055-03(2014)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most heated apparatus in industrial, commercial, and residential service are insulated, unless thermal insulation would interfere with their function; for example, it is inappropriate to insulate the bottom surface of a flatiron. However, surface temperatures of insulated equipment and appliances may still be high enough to cause burns from contact exposure under certain conditions.
5.2 This guide has been developed to standardize the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. Current practice for this determination is widely varied. The intent of this guide is to tie together the existing practices into a consensus standard based upon scientific understanding of the thermal physics involved. Flexibility is retained within this guide for the designer, regulator, or consumer to establish specific burn hazard criteria. Most generally, the regulated criterion will be the length of time of contact exposure.
5.3 It is beyond the scope of this guide to establish appropriate contact times and acceptable levels of injury for particular situations, or determine what surface temperature is “safe.” Clearly, quite different criteria may be justified for cases as diverse as those involving infants and domestic appliances, and experienced adults and industrial equipment. In the first case, no more than first degree burns in 60 s might be desirable. In the second case, second degree burns in 5 s might be acceptable.Note 2—An overview of the medical research leading to the development of this guide was presented at the ASTM Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials and Systems on Dec. 7, 1984 (14).
5.4 This guide is meant to serve only as an estimation of the exposure to which an average individual might be subjected. Unusual conditions of exposure, physical health variations, or nonstandard ambients all serve to modify the results.
5.5 This guide is limited to contact exposure to heated surfaces only. It should be noted that con...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1)2 and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly, or the infirm.
1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide may be used to establish a second, less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage can be permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.
1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.
1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the end of this guide (1-16).
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not pur...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1055 − 03 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact
1
Burn Injuries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of
standard.
acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all the safety
The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular
limitations prior to its use.
surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable
contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of
2. Referenced Documents
injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
2
Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for
C1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-
children, the elderly, or the infirm.
ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model
1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that
and Thermesthesiometer
causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of
injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. 3. Terminology
For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside
3.1.1 skin:
considerations), this guide may be used to establish a second,
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
permanent tissue damage can be permitted. At no time,
skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm.
however, are conditions that produce third degree burns rec-
3.1.3 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer
ommended.
contains the blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness of
1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature de-
this layer averages 2 mm.
termination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines
3.1.4 necrosis—localized death of living cells. A clinical
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or
term that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer has
other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at
occurred.
the location of contact.
3.1.5 burns:
1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
3.1.6 first degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where
surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of refer-
the intensity or duration is insufficient to cause complete
ences at the end of this guide (1-16).
necrosis of the epidermis. The normal response to this level of
exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddening
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
of the skin).
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originally
3
approvedin1986.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2009asC1055–03(2009).DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/C1055-03R14. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this guide. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1055 − 03 (2014)
3.1.7 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure 4.2 The process used in the analysis follows the outline
where the intensity and d
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.