ASTM D93-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.
Note 3—The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash point under 37.8°C (100°F) are flammable, as determined by these test methods, for those liquids which have a kinematic viscosity of 5.8 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 37.8°C or 9.5 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F), or that contain suspended solids, or have a tendency to form a surface film while under test. Other classification flash points have been established by these departments for liquids using these test methods.
These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of these test methods may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
These test methods provides the only closed cup flash point test procedures for temperatures up to 370°C (698°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to 360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus.
Note 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed, however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature. For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below 40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this temperature.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure C.
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel (B100). Since a flash point of residual alcohol in biodiesel is difficult to observe by manual flash point techniques, automated apparatus with electronic flash point detection have been found suitable.
1.5 These test methods is applicable for the detection of contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials with volatile or flammable materials.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 2—It has been common practice in flash point standards for many decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments, they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this procedure is...
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Designation: D93 – 10
Designation: 34/99
Standard Test Methods for
1
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD93;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials. There
are flash point test methods with slower heating rates available, such as Test Method D3941 (for
paints, resins, and related products, and high viscosity products in the range of 0 to110°C), where the
test conditions are closer to equilibrium.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope* 1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback
residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash
with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film
point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40
under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kine-
to 360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or
matic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the
an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the
stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature
1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel (B100). Since a
range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed
flashpointofresidualalcoholinbiodieselisdifficulttoobserve
cup apparatus.
by manual flash point techniques, automated apparatus with
NOTE 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed,
electronic flash point detection have been found suitable.
however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature.
1.5 These test methods is applicable for the detection of
For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points
contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable ma-
above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been
terials with volatile or flammable materials.
determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below
40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
temperature.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel,
biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and
NOTE 2—Ithasbeencommonpracticeinflashpointstandardsformany
in-use lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum
decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for
liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments,
they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this
C.
procedure is graduated in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the
2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of
1
application of the procedure of the test method for the separate tempera-
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejointjurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD02on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit- ture scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test
tee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of
method, the following protocol has been adopted: When a temperature is
the Standardization Committee.
intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally
following the SI unit, for example 370°C (698°F). When a temperature is
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D93–09. DOI:
10.1520/D0093-10.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D93–09 Designation: D93 – 10
Designation: 34/99
Standard Test Methods for
1
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD93;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials.
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials. There
are flash point test methods with slower heating rates available, such as Test Method D3941 (for
paints, resins, and related products, and high viscosity products in the range of 0 to110°C), where the
test conditions are closer to equilibrium.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope*
1.1These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to
360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus.
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to
360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the
determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed cup
apparatus.
NOTE1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed, however, the precisions have not been determined above this temperature. For
residual fuels, precisions have not been determined for flash points above 100°C.
1.2Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new lubricating oils, and other
homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B. 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be
performed, however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature. For residual fuels, precision has not been
determined for flash points above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been determined. Some specifications
state a D93 minimum flash point below 40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this temperature.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and in-use
lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure C.
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids with
solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kinematic viscosity
that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
1
These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Dec.Feb. 15, 2009.2010. Published FebruaryMarch 2010. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 as
D93–08.D93–09. DOI: 10.1520/D0093-109.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D93–10
1.4These t
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