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ASTM D4057-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Representative samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical and physical properties, which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.
The following concepts must be considered when selecting a specific sampling procedure.
5.2.1 Objective of Manual Sampling:  
5.2.1.1 The objective of manual sampling is to obtain a small portion (spot sample) of material from a selected area within a container that is representative of the material in the area or, in the case of running or all-level samples, a sample whose composition is representative of the total material in the container. A series of spot samples may be combined to create a representative sample.
5.2.2 Required Conditions for the Application of Manual Sampling:  
5.2.2.1 Manual sampling may be applied under all conditions within the scope of this practice, provided that the proper sampling procedures are followed.
5.2.2.2 In many liquid manual sampling applications, the material to be sampled contains a heavy component (such as free water) which tends to separate from the main component. In these cases, manual sampling is appropriate under the following conditions.
(1) Sufficient time must have elapsed for the heavy component to adequately separate and settle.
(2) It must be possible to measure the level of the settled component in order to stay well above that level when drawing representative samples, unless all or part of the heavy component will be included in the portion of the tank contents to be identified.
(3) When one or more of these conditions cannot be met, sampling is recommended and is accomplished by means of an automatic sampling system (see Practice D 4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2)).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for manually obtaining representative samples of petroleum products of a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid state whose vapor pressure at ambient conditions is below 101 kPa (14.7 psia). If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D 5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling of samples, refer to Practice D 5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). The practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. A summary of the manual sampling procedures and their applications is presented in Table 1.
Note 1 - The procedures described in this practice may also be applicable in sampling most noncorrosive liquid industrial chemicals, provided that all safety precautions specific to these chemicals are strictly followed.
Note 2 - The procedure for sampling liquefied petroleum gases is described in Practice D 1265; the procedure for sampling fluid power hydraulic fluids is covered in ANSI B93.19 and B93.44; the procedure for sampling insulating oils is described in Practice D 923; and the procedure for sampling natural gas is described in Test Method D 1145.Note 3
The procedure for special fuel samples for trace metal analysis is described in an appendix to Specification D 2880.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2006
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4057-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011

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ASTM D4057-06 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsASTM D4057-06 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
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ASTM D4057-06 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4057 – 06
Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.1
Standard Practice for
1
Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D244 Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified Asphalts
D268 Guide for Sampling andTestingVolatile Solvents and
1.1 This practice covers procedures for manually obtaining
Chemical Intermediates for Use in Paint and Related
representative samples of petroleum products of a liquid,
Coatings and Material
semi-liquid, or solid state whose vapor pressure at ambient
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
conditions is below 101 kPa (14.7 psia). If sampling is for the
ucts (Reid Method)
precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
sample mixing and handling of samples, refer to Practice
D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline
D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). The practice does not cover
(Induction Period Method)
sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. A
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels
summary of the manual sampling procedures and their appli-
(Potential Residue Method)
cations is presented in Table 1.
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
NOTE 1—The procedures described in this practice may also be
D977 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
applicable in sampling most noncorrosive liquid industrial chemicals,
3
D1145 Test Method for Sampling Natural Gas
provided that all safety precautions specific to these chemicals are strictly
D1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
followed.
Gases, Manual Method
NOTE 2—The procedure for sampling liquefied petroleum gases is
D1856 Test Method for Recovery ofAsphalt From Solution
described in Practice D1265; the procedure for sampling fluid power
hydraulic fluids is covered inANSI B93.19 and B93.44; the procedure for
by Abson Method
sampling insulating oils is described in Practice D923; and the procedure
D2172 Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitu-
for sampling natural gas is described in Test Method D1145.
men From Bituminous Paving Mixtures
NOTE 3—The procedure for special fuel samples for trace metal
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
analysis is described in an appendix to Specification D2880.
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
2. Referenced Documents Petroleum Products
2 D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
Atmospheric Pressure
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
Grease
Volatility Measurement
D5854 PracticeforMixingandHandlingofLiquidSamples
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02.08
4
2.2 American National Standards:
the joint ASTM–API committee on Sampling (API MPMS Chapter 8.0). This test
B93.19 StandardMethodforExtractionFluidSamplesfrom
method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the
Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures. This test method
the Lines of an Operating Hydraulic Fluid Power System
was issued as a joint ASTM-API standard in 1981.
(for Particulate Contamination Analysis)
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally
B93.44 Method for Extracting Fluid Samples from the
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D4057–95(2000).
DOI: 10.1520/D4057-06.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Withdrawn.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.  
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SCOPE
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1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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5.1 New and used petroleum products can contain basic or acidic constituents that are present as additives or as degradation products formed during service, such as oxidation products. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titrating with acids or bases. This number, whether expressed as acid number or base number, is a measure of this amount of acidic or basic substances, respectively, in the oil—always under the conditions of the test. This number is used as a guide in the quality control of lubricating oil formulations. It is also sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service; however, any condemning limits must be empirically established.  
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ASTM D4177-22e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Representative samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical and physical properties, which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial terms and regulatory requirements. This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. This practice does not address how to sample crude at temperatures below the freezing point of water.
PART I—General
This part is applicable to all petroleum liquid sampling whether it be crude oil or refined products. Review this section before designing or installing any automatic sampling system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures and equipment for automatically obtaining samples of liquid petroleum and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container. This practice also provides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling. If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids.  
1.2 Table of Contents:    
Section  
INTRODUCTION  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
PART I–GENERAL  
Representative Sampling Components  
5  
Design Criteria  
6  
Automatic Sampling Systems  
7  
Sampling Location  
8  
Mixing of the Flowing Stream  
9  
Proportionality  
10  
Sample Extractor Grab Volume  
11  
Containers  
12  
Sample Handling and Mixing  
13  
Control Systems  
14  
Sample System Security  
15  
System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests)  
16  
Performance Monitoring  
17  
PART II–CRUDE OIL  
Crude Oil  
18  
PART III–REFINED PRODUCTS  
Refined Products  
19  
KEYWORDS  
Keywords  
20  
ANNEXES  
Calculations of the Margin of Error based on Number of Sample Grabs  
Annex A1  
Theoretical Calculations for Selecting the Sampler Probe Location  
Annex A2  
Portable Sampling Units  
Annex A3  
Profile Performance Test  
Annex A4  
Sampler Acceptance Test Data  
Annex A5  
APPENDIXES  
Design Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System  
Appendix X1  
Comparisons of Percent Sediment and Water versus Unloading Time Period  
Appendix X2  
Sampling Frequency and Sampling System Monitoring Spreadsheet  
Appendix X3  
Sampling System Monitoring—Additional Diagnostics  
Appendix X4  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or US Customary (USC) units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Except where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as for National Pipe Threads/diameters, or tubing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4057-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Samples of petroleum and petroleum products are obtained for many reasons, including the determination of chemical and physical properties. These properties may be used for: calculating standard volumes; establishing product value; and often safety and regulatory reporting.  
4.2 There are inherent limitations when performing any type of sampling, any one of which may affect the representative nature of the sample. As examples, a spot sample provides a sample from only one particular point in the tank, vessel compartment, or pipeline. In the case of running or all-level samples, the sample only represents the column of material from which it was taken.  
4.3 Based on the product, and testing to be performed, this practice provides guidance on sampling equipment, container preparation, and manual sampling procedures for petroleum and petroleum products of a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid state, from the storage tanks, flowlines, pipelines, marine vessels, process vessels, drums, cans, tubes, bags, kettles, and open discharge streams into the primary sample container.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures and equipment for manually obtaining samples of liquid petroleum and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container are described. Procedures are also included for the sampling of free water and other heavy components associated with petroleum and petroleum products.  
1.2 This practice also addresses the sampling of semi-liquid or solid-state petroleum products. For the sampling of green petroleum coke, see Practice D8145. For the sampling of calcined petroleum coke, see Practice D6970.  
1.3 This practice provides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling.  
1.4 This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3).  
1.5 The procedures described in this practice may also be applicable in sampling most non-corrosive liquid industrial chemicals provided that all safety precautions specific to these chemicals are followed. Also, refer to Practice E300. The procedures described in this practice are also applicable to sampling liquefied petroleum gases and chemicals. Also refer to Practices D1265 and D3700. The procedure for sampling bituminous materials is described in Practice D140. Practice D4306 provides guidance on sample containers and preparation for sampling aviation fuel.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. USC units are reflected in parentheses.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5291-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is the first ASTM standard covering the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants.  
5.2 Carbon, hydrogen, and particularly nitrogen analyses are useful in determining the complex nature of sample types covered by this test method. The CHN results can be used to estimate the processing and refining potentials and yields in the petrochemical industry.  
5.3 The concentration of nitrogen is a measure of the presence of nitrogen containing additives. Knowledge of its concentration can be used to predict performance. Some petroleum products also contain naturally occurring nitrogen. Knowledge of hydrogen content in samples is helpful in addressing their performance characteristics. Hydrogen to carbon ratio is useful to assess the performance of upgrading processes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 % to 87 % by mass for carbon, at least 9 % to 16 % by mass for hydrogen, and  
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1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 % by mass nitrogen in lubricants could be determined.  
1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels.  
1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6304-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the water content is important in the manufacturing, purchase, sale, or transfer of petroleum products to help in predicting their quality and performance characteristics.  
5.2 The presence of moisture could lead to premature corrosion and wear, an increase in the debris load resulting in diminished lubrication and premature plugging of filters, an impedance in the effect of additives, and undesirable support of deleterious bacterial growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the direct determination of entrained water in petroleum products and hydrocarbons using automated instrumentation. This test method also covers the indirect analysis of water thermally removed from samples and swept with dry inert gas into the Karl Fischer titration cell. Mercaptan, sulfide (S– or H2S), sulfur, and other compounds are known to interfere with this test method (see Section 6). The precision statement of this method covers the nominal range of 20 mg/kg to 25 000 mg/kg for Procedure A, 30 mg/kg to 2100 mg/kg for Procedure B, and 20 mg/kg to 360 mg/kg for Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with commercially available coulometric Karl Fischer reagents and for the determination of water in additives, lube oils, base oils, automatic transmission fluids, hydrocarbon solvents, and other petroleum products. By proper choice of the sample size, this test method may be used for the determination of water from mg/kg to percent level concentrations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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