ASTM F869-01
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
Standard Terminology Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-related terms for use in the development of standard test methods and specifications for athletic footwear.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriate for use by the athletic footwear manufacturers and by biomechanicists in matters concerning athletic shoe technology, test methods, and specifications.
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An American National Standard
Designation:F869–01
Standard Terminology
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Relating to Athletic Shoes and Biomechanics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 869; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope counters where backpart components are heated on a metal
heel form and molded into the backpart heel shape combin-
1.1 This terminology defines biomechanical and shoe-
ing counter, upper and lining before the actual lasting
related terms for use in the development of standard test
operation is performed on the backpart of the shoe.
methods and specifications for athletic footwear.
ball measurement—the line running completely around the
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriate
foot or last coplanar to the joints of large and small toes.
for use by the athletic footwear manufacturers and by biome-
bench test—a modified service test in which the service
chanicists in matters concerning athletic shoe technology, test
conditions are approximated, but the equipment is laboratory
methods, and specifications.
equipment and not necessarily identical with that in which
2. Terminology the product will be employed.
bottoms—the underface of the shoe sole which extends from
2.1 Definitions:
the toe to the heel breast.The heel is not a part of the bottom.
abduction—the movement of a body part from the longitudi-
california process—this process requires the accurate drafting
nal (midline) of the body or in reference to fingers and toes,
of patterns, cutting, and stitching of the upper, sock lining,
movement away from the midline of hand or foot.
and platform cover. The upper and sock lining are stitched
abrasion tester—a machine for determining the quantity of
together.The platform cover is stitched to the other two parts
material lost by friction wear under specified conditions.
in a separate operation. The last is then inserted into the
accelerated aging—the deterioration of a material faster than
upper. After the last is inserted, the platform is accurately
normal by subjecting the material to conditions specified by
pressed into place.
the test method being followed.
cast—an impression or mold taken from a person or thing.
accelerated life test—method designed to approximate, in a
cellular plastic—a plastic containing numerous cells, inten-
short time, the deteriorating effect of normal, long-term
tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed
service conditions. (D 1566, D-11)
throughout the mass. (D 883, D-20)
aging—(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an environ-
cement construction—a process in which the outsole is
ment for an interval of time. (2) the process of exposing
attached to the upper by cementing instead of sewing or by
materials to an environment for an interval of time. (D 883,
other methods. Also known as the compo process, after
D-20)
Compo Industries, Inc., which introduced this method com-
anteroposterior—extending from the front to the rear.
mercially into the U.S. about 1930; also known as cement
anthropometry—the science of the measurement of the hu-
process and as cemented process.
man body and its parts.
cinematography—an instrumentation system for filming,
arch-footwear—the bottom curve of a shoe last from heel to
measuring, and analyzing movements of the athlete, usually
ball.
including a computerized digitizor for data analysis.
arch support—a device of leather, metal, or other material
circumduction—the movement of a body part about an axis so
shaped to the contour of the longitudinal arch of the foot and
as to describe a cone or the conical movement of a body part
inserted or built in a shoe.
about an axis.
backpart molding—a preparatory shaping operation to heel
combination last (or shoe)—designed to provide a proper fit
seat prior to lasting, usually performed on the thermoplastic
for the individual with thinner than normal instep or heel.
Length and width will be of standard measurements, but
narrower fitting qualities will prevail through instep, waist,
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These definitions are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports
and heel.
Equipment and Facilities and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.54
on Footwear. composition—materials composed of granulated fillers, such
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2001. Published February 2001. Originally
ascork,leather,fibers,minerals,inaresinousmatrix,usually
published as F 869 – 84. Last previous edition F 869 – 00.
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