ASTM C16-03(2008)

Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jul-2008
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.01 - Strength

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C16-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2008
• Replaced By: ASTM C16-03(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2008
• Referred By: ASTM C27-98(2022) - Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Brick
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2008
• Referred By: ASTM C467-14(2023) - Standard Classification of Mullite Refractories
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2008
• Referred By: ASTM C865-22 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 16 – 03 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC16;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result
is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular
tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when
to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.
subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified
Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimen-
temperature for a specified time.
sions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
method has often been used in the establishment of written
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
specifications between producers and consumers.
and are not considered standard.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
are provided to protect the specimens.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
2. Referenced Documents a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
mens by Casting
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
E 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
Comparison Techniques
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically
3 install and adjust baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two
Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
3. Significance and Use the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
3.1 The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand pre-
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
scribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the
temperatures.
high-temperature service potential of the material. By defini-
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with cali-
tion, refractory shapes must resist change due to high tempera-
4,5,6
brated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each
ture; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change
encased in a protection tube with the junction not more than 1
when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures
in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each
isclearlydemonstratedwhenrefractoryshapesaresubjectedto
, ,
4 5 6
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form
this test method.The test method is normally run at sufficiently
of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-
high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test
eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the face
of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
specified for the thermocouples.
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 Strengthon Strength.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
e1 4
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 16 – 03 . Test Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The National Institutes of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on couples.
the ASTM website. All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,
available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016. 1969, pp. 35–44.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 16 – 03 (2008)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
5. Test Specimen with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and
Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9
1 1
material,neutraltothespecimen,havingaminimumexpansion
by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger
specimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly
refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane
refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome
surfaces.
5.2 Ifnecessary,theendsofthespecimenshallbegroundso ore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850-µm) ASTM
that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four
top of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractory
observations being made on each dimension (length, width,
material should be placed, extending through the furnace top to
and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.
receive the load.
(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the
NOTE 1—Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device are
cross section calculated.
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between those
6. Setting the Test Specimen
shown on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will be
determined by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness of
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in
refractory wall etc. The framework for either the direct loading or lever
the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
C 16 – 03 (2008)
NOTE 1—Dimens
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C 16–02 Designation: C 16 – 03 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC16;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to
a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
E 220Method for Calibration ofThermocouples by ComparisonTechniques Test Method for Calibration ofThermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Theabilityofarefractoryshapestowithstandprescribedloadsatelevatedtemperaturesisameasureofthehigh-temperature
service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to
withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated
when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow
some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample
dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally,
shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and
the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of
written specifications between producers and consumers.
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are
provided to protect the specimens.
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig. 1
or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the temperature is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during the
holdingperiodofthetestor,ontesttofailure,above2370°F(1300°C).Toaccomplishthis,itmaybenecessarytoinstallandadjust
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommiteee C08.01onC08.01 Strengthon
Strength.
Current edition approved Nov 10, 2002.Aug. 1, 2008. Published June 2003.September 2008. Originally publishedapproved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in
e1
20012003 as C 16 – 03 .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail]ards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are available from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 16 – 03 (2008)
SI Equivalents
in. mm
18 460
24 610
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test Furnace
baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following the low-temperature
portion of the schedule (particularly for silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to supply heat for low
temperatures and another for the higher temperatures.
4,5,6
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with calibrated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each encased in
a protection tube with the junction not more than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each specimen or with a
, ,
4 5 6
calibrated pyrometer.Arecordingformoftemperatureindicatorisrecommended.Iftheopticalpyrometerisused,observations
shall be made by sighting on the face of the specimens and in the same relative positions as those specified for the thermocouples.
5. Test Specimen
1 1
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straight
refractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from larger refractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing plane surfaces.
5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground so that they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.
Method E220
Test Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermocouples.
All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2, 1969, pp.
35–44.
C 16 – 03 (2008)
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.
FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test Furnace
5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, four observations being made on each dimension (length, width, and
thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in. (0.5 mm).The average dimensions shall be recorded, and the cross section
calculated.
6. Setting the Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position in the furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincides
with the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractory material,
neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansion or contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between the specimen and
the refractory blocks a thin layer of highly refractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chrome ore, that has been ground
to pass a No. 20 (850-µm) ASTM sieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At the top of the test specimen a block
of similar highly refractory material should be placed, extending through the furnace top to receive the load.
NOTE 1—Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between those shown
on these drawings. The dimensions of
...