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ASTM D8489-23e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Microplastics Particle and Fiber Size, Distribution, Shape, and Concentration in Waters with High to Low Suspended Solids Using a Dynamic Image Particle Size and Shape Analyzer

Standard Test Method for Determination of Microplastics Particle and Fiber Size, Distribution, Shape, and Concentration in Waters with High to Low Suspended Solids Using a Dynamic Image Particle Size and Shape Analyzer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many microplastic particles enter the environment, including ambient waters and drinking water supplies, via wastewater sources resulting from both industrial processes and consumer products. The presence of high percentages of organic particles, including cellulose material originating from toilet paper and chitin-based materials originating from insect exoskeletons, makes visual identification and subsequent quantification of microplastic particles in wastewater difficult.  
5.2 This test method, associated sampling Practice D8332, and preparation Practice D8333 provide a standardized approach for the preparation of water and, particularly, wastewater samples. The isolation of microplastic particles from interfering contaminants by Practice D8333 enables positive identification and, therefore, quantification of microplastic particles.  
5.3 Using this test method, microplastic particles are characterized in terms of size, shape, and quantity, allowing for the enumeration of subsequent particle count for a given volume of sample. The method does not provide qualitative identification of plastic composition.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of microplastic particle size distribution, shape characterization, and number concentration (particle counts) in sample extracts containing particles between 5 µm and 100 µm. Light is transmitted through a flow cell containing particles in liquid medium. The particles create shadows as they pass through the field of vision of a camera, producing a multitude of images. The images are then used to measure size, shape, and concentration.  
1.2 This test method is used as a complementary technique for microplastic particle and fiber polymer identification methods infrared microscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy pyrolysis.  
1.3 This test method requires that samples are collected according to Practice D8332 and prepared according to Practice D8333 prior to use.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2023
ICS
13.060.01 - Water quality in general
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.06 - Methods for Analysis for Organic Substances in Water
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D8333-20 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers Using Raman Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, or Pyrolysis-GC/MS
Effective Date
15-Jul-2020

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ASTM D8489-23e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Microplastics Particle and Fiber Size, Distribution, Shape, and Concentration in Waters with High to Low Suspended Solids Using a Dynamic Image Particle Size and Shape AnalyzerASTM D8489-23e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Microplastics Particle and Fiber Size, Distribution, Shape, and Concentration in Waters with High to Low Suspended Solids Using a Dynamic Image Particle Size and Shape Analyzer
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ASTM D8489-23e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Microplastics Particle and Fiber Size, Distribution, Shape, and Concentration in Waters with High to Low Suspended Solids Using a Dynamic Image Particle Size and Shape Analyzer
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D8489 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Microplastics Particle and Fiber Size,
Distribution, Shape, and Concentration in Waters with High
to Low Suspended Solids Using a Dynamic Image Particle
1
Size and Shape Analyzer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Research report information was added to Section 14 editorially in May 2023.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of microplas-
tic particle size distribution, shape characterization, and num- D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
ber concentration (particle counts) in sample extracts contain-
ing particles between 5 μm and 100 μm. Light is transmitted D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications
through a flow cell containing particles in liquid medium. The
particles create shadows as they pass through the field of vision for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
D8332 Practice for Collection of Water Samples with High,
of a camera, producing a multitude of images. The images are
then used to measure size, shape, and concentration. Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and
Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers
1.2 This test method is used as a complementary technique
D8333 Practice for Preparation of Water Samples with High,
for microplastic particle and fiber polymer identification meth-
Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and
ods infrared microscopy and gas chromatography/mass spec-
Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers Using
troscopy pyrolysis.
Raman Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, or Pyrolysis-
1.3 This test method requires that samples are collected
GC/MS
according to Practice D8332 and prepared according to Prac-
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
tice D8333 prior to use.
E1617 Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characterization
Data
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
E2651 Guide for Powder Particle Size Analysis
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
method, refer to Terminologies D1129 and D883, and for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
definitions of terms relating to molecular spectroscopy, refer to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Terminology E131.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.1 microplastic, n—plastic particle less than 5 millime-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ters (mm) in size.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The lower size of a plastic particle
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
determined as a microplastic is usually classified as 1 micron
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
(μm); however, the smaller size is limited by sample collection,
sample preparation, and analysis.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
2
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis for For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Organic Substances in Water. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2023. Published March 2023. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8489-23E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D8489 − 23
4. Summary of Test Method techniques. Use infrared (IR) or Raman to identify and
quantitate microplastics greater than 100 μm.
4.1 This test method has been validated for microplastic
6.3 The solvents used in this test method may contain
particle size distribution, shape, and particle count
...

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ASTM D8294-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating pH to Verify Status of Aqueous Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use by samplers, technicians, or analysts to verify that samples are preserved or at the proper pH specified in analytical procedures.  
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5.5 Rapid pH tests allow users to make spot determinations directly without auxiliary equipment.
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1.1 This practice provides information on verifying the pH of aqueous samples before analysis. This practice is not intended to be used for non-aqueous samples like oil or grease.  
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Standard Practice for Collection of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When significant quantities of inorganic or organic material are present in water samples (high suspended solids), microplastic particles/fibers can be masked and the ability to conduct reliable identification and quantification analyses of the plastic particles/fibers can be impeded.  
5.2 In order to quantify the occurrence of microplastic particles/fibers in wastewater influent (high suspended solids), the sampling procedure must be able to reliably collect samples at a constant flow over the desired 24-hour interval to reflect changes in diurnal flow. For wastewater influent the capture flow rate should be no less than 1 GPM over the 24-hour interval (approximately 1440 gal or 5450 L total) to minimize the problem with heterogeneity of the suspended solids and to reduce the standard error (the larger the sample size, the smaller the standard error).  
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Standard Practice for Preparation of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers Using Raman Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, or Pyrolysis-GC/MS

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Large volumes of water are required to be sieved for accurate quantification of microplastics. Water with high to medium content of suspended solids can lead to an excess of inorganic and organic background material which can interfere with the ability to conduct reliable analyses. The presence of this background material can often impede the ability to accurately discern, distinguish and identify the number of microplastic particles in solution.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Guide for Visually Estimating Oil Spill Thickness on Water

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3.1 Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:  
3.1.1 Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,  
3.1.2 Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal locations,  
3.1.3 Evaluating a spill situation,  
3.1.4 Estimating volume for legal or prosecution purposes, such as for an illegal discharge, and  
3.1.5 Developing spill control strategies.  
3.2 This guide is only applicable to thin sheens (sheen and rainbow sheen up to about 3 μm). Thick oil and water-in-oil emulsions do not show visual differences with respect to thickness (1, 2).3
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1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.  
1.2 This guide applies to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.  
1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water conditions.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8294-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating pH to Verify Status of Aqueous Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use by samplers, technicians, or analysts to verify that samples are preserved or at the proper pH specified in analytical procedures.  
5.2 The pH is indicated within about 1 pH unit for wide-range paper and within 0.5 pH units for narrow-range paper.  
5.3 Unless stated otherwise in the test method, a wide-range paper estimating pH within 1 unit is suitable.  
5.4 A narrow-range pH paperstrip may be used for test methods with tighter pH requirements; however, accuracy better than ±0.5 pH units of the estimate should not be implied.  
5.5 Rapid pH tests allow users to make spot determinations directly without auxiliary equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on verifying the pH of aqueous samples before analysis. This practice is not intended to be used for non-aqueous samples like oil or grease.  
1.2 This practice may also be used in adjusting pH of samples during various analytical steps.  
1.3 Wide-range pH papers/strips are used for a rapid indication of pH to within about 1 pH unit, and narrow-range pH papers/strips are used to indicate pH within about 0.5 pH units.  
1.4 In some instances, a universal liquid indicator may be used.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM International standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Mitigation of Wildfire Impact to Source Water Protection Areas and Risk to Water Utilities

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SCOPE
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1.2.1 This guide supplements existing watershed and Source Water Protection Area guidance.  
1.2.2 This guide will recommend fuel management prior to a wildfire, suppression strategies during a wildfire, and mitigation opportunities for both forests and water treatment systems after the wildfire. It will also support collaboration between involved stakeholders (see Fig. 1 below).
FIG. 1 Place-based characteristics for consideration when assessing threats to water supplies and treatment due to a wildfire (adapted from (3)).  
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ASTM
ASTM D8332-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Collection of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When significant quantities of inorganic or organic material are present in water samples (high suspended solids), microplastic particles/fibers can be masked and the ability to conduct reliable identification and quantification analyses of the plastic particles/fibers can be impeded.  
5.2 In order to quantify the occurrence of microplastic particles/fibers in wastewater influent (high suspended solids), the sampling procedure must be able to reliably collect samples at a constant flow over the desired 24-hour interval to reflect changes in diurnal flow. For wastewater influent the capture flow rate should be no less than 1 GPM over the 24-hour interval (approximately 1440 gal or 5450 L total) to minimize the problem with heterogeneity of the suspended solids and to reduce the standard error (the larger the sample size, the smaller the standard error).  
5.3 In order to quantify the occurrence of microplastic particles/fibers in all other water samples with a lower content of inorganic or organic material present addressed by this practice (low to medium suspended solids), a minimum volume of 1500 L (approximately 400 gal) should be filtered through the appropriate filters or sieves to minimize potential issues with heterogeneity of suspended solids and to reduce the standard error (the larger the sample size, the smaller the standard error).  
5.4 Microplastic particles/fibers retained on the sieves are suitable for characterization in terms of size, shape, quantity, and composition (polymer type), dependent upon the chosen analytical method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides for the collection of water samples with high, medium, or low suspended solids to determine the presence, count, polymer type, and physical characteristics of microplastic particles and fibers. This collection practice has been validated for the collection of samples from drinking water, surface waters, wastewater influent and effluent (secondary and tertiary), and marine waters. This practice is not limited to these particular water matrices; however, the applicability of this practice to other aqueous matrices must be demonstrated.  
1.2 Water samples are passed through filters or sieves of adequate mesh size to enable capture of the smallest desired particle size. For waters with high or medium suspended solids content, a series of sieves with increasingly smaller mesh size should be used to prevent clogging and allow for the collection of desired particle size fractions.  
1.3 Subsequent sample preparation followed by analysis utilizing either Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), IR spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy may be used to identify the quantity (mass or number count) and composition (polymer type) of microplastic particles/fibers. The spectroscopic methods can provide a count of the number of particles and fibers present in a sample, and Py-GC/MS can provide the mass present in a sample. When desired, microplastic particle/fiber size, shape and surface characteristics can be ascertained with appropriate instruments such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except where standard U.S. equipment is specified in imperial units, for example, inches and gallons. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Standard Practice—This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This practice cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This practice is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this practice be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to addre...

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ASTM
ASTM D8333-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers Using Raman Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, or Pyrolysis-GC/MS

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Large volumes of water are required to be sieved for accurate quantification of microplastics. Water with high to medium content of suspended solids can lead to an excess of inorganic and organic background material which can interfere with the ability to conduct reliable analyses. The presence of this background material can often impede the ability to accurately discern, distinguish and identify the number of microplastic particles in solution.  
5.2 The digestion described in this procedure allows for significant reduction of interfering substances and contaminants, rendering a sample suitable for particle and fiber characterization and identification using either Raman and IR spectroscopic analysis or for polymeric quantification and identification by Pyrolysis-GC/MS.  
5.3 For water samples with medium to low suspended solids, the oxidation and digestion steps necessary will be dependent upon the type and nature of interfering substances and contaminants and may be determined through simple trial efforts.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides for the sample preparation of collected water samples with high, medium, or low suspended solids to determine the presence, count, polymer type, and physical characteristics of microplastic particles and fibers. It has been designed for the preparation of samples collected from drinking water, surface waters, wastewater influent and effluent (secondary and tertiary), and marine waters using collection practice (Practice D8332). This practice is not limited to these particular water matrices; however, the applicability of this practice to other aqueous matrices must be demonstrated.  
1.2 This practice consists of a wet peroxide oxidation followed by progressive enzymatic digestion to the extent necessary to remove interfering organic constituents such as cellulose, lipids and chitin that are typically found in abundance in water matrices of samples with high to medium suspended solids such as wastewater influent. For water samples with low suspended solids, such as but not limited to drinking water and tertiary treated wastewater, the oxidation and digestion steps may not be necessary.  
1.3 Water samples prepared using this practice are suitable for analysis utilizing either Pyrolysis-GC/MS methods for qualitative identification and mass quantitation, or IR spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy for identifying the quantity (number count) and composition (polymer type) of microplastic particles. If desired, microplastic particle size and shape may be ascertained with appropriate instruments such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microscopy techniques.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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