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ASTM C16-03e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures

Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2003
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.01 - Strength
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C16-03 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Replaced By
ASTM C16-03(2008) - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM C467-14(2023) - Standard Classification of Mullite Refractories
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Referred By
ASTM C865-22 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Referred By
ASTM C27-98(2022) - Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Brick
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003

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ASTM C16-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High TemperaturesASTM C16-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
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ASTM C16-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: C 16 – 03
Standard Test Method for
1
Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC16;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Adjunct references were corrected editorially in July 2006.
1. Scope high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test
brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the
tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when
applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular
subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified
to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.
temperature for a specified time.
Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimen-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
sions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test
information only.
method has often been used in the establishment of written
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specifications between producers and consumers.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
are provided to protect the specimens.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents
2
4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-
3
1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.
mens by Casting
4.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-
E 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. The
Comparison Techniques
temperature as measured at any point on the surface of the test
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
specimens shall not differ by more than 10°F (5.5°C) during
Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or Electrically
3
the holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above
Fired); Lever-Load Type Furnace
2370°F (1300°C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary to
3. Significance and Use
install and adjust baffles within the furnace.Aminimum of two
burners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in following
3.1 The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand pre-
the low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly for
scribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the
silica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one to
high-temperature service potential of the material. By defini-
supply heat for low temperatures and another for the higher
tion, refractory shapes must resist change due to high tempera-
temperatures.
ture; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change
4.2 The temperature shall be measured either with cali-
when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures
, ,
4 5 6
brated platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, each
isclearlydemonstratedwhenrefractoryshapesaresubjectedto
encased in a protection tube with the junction not more than 1
this test method.The test method is normally run at sufficiently
in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of each
, ,
4 5 6
specimen or with a calibrated pyrometer.Arecording form
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommiteee C08.01on Strength.
Current edition approved Nov 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally
4
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 16 – 02. Test Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The National Institutes of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on couples.
6
the ASTM website. All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Practical
3
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C863-00(2022)(Test Method)
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3.1 The oxidation of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures is an important consideration in the application of these refractories. The product of oxidation is amorphous silica or cristobalite, depending upon the temperature at which oxidation takes place. This oxide formation is associated with expansion and degradation of strength. The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere greatly affects the rate of oxidation.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures in an atmosphere of steam. The steam is used to accelerate the test. Oxidation resistance is the ability of the silicon carbide (SiC) in the refractory to resist conversion to silicon dioxide (SiO2) and its attendant crystalline growth.  
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