ASTM A47/A47M-99(2004)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for general engineering usage. The castings are classified as Grade 32510. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the structural and mechanical properties required by this specification. Tension test may be machined from the standard cast bar to the required dimensions. The microstructure of the malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules distributed through ferritic matrix and shall be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and primary graphite. All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and free of obvious shrinkage and porosity. The castings shall conform to the dimensions given by this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to approximately 400°C (750°F).
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in various locations of the same casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron (see Appendix X1).
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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Designation: A 47/A 47M – 99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 47/A 47M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2.2 Military Standard:
2 MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for
2.3 Federal Standard:
general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambi-
Fed.Std.No.123 MarkingforDomesticShipment(Civilian
ent to approximately 400°C (750°F).
Agencies)
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-
tweenthepropertiesoftheironinvariouslocationsofthesame
3. Terminology
casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to
(see Appendix X1).
iron are found in Terminology A 644.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
4. Classification
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
4.1 Castings ordered and produced under this specification
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
are classified under the following grades based on tests on
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
cation.
and shall be heat treated with those castings except as provided
2. Referenced Documents in 7.2.3.
3 4.1.1 Grade 32510 [Grade 22010]:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.1.1 The first three digits of the grade designation indi-
A 153 Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and
cate the minimum yield strength (3100 psi [MPa]) and the last
Steel Hardware
two digits indicate the minimum elongation (% in 2 in. [50
A 247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
mm]).
Graphite in Iron Castings
A 644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
5. Ordering Information
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-
specification shall state the specification designation, the year
als
in which the specification was issued, and the grade of
E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
malleable iron to be supplied. Any option or special additions
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
to the basic requirements of this specification shall be clearly
E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
and fully stipulated.
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
6. Chemical Composition
Scleroscope Hardness
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to
produce the structural and mechanical properties required by
this specification.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA04.02 on Malleable and
Ductile Iron Castings. 7. Mechanical Properties
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 47/A 47M – 99.
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-47 in Section II of that code.
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
the ASTM website. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 47/A 47M – 99 (2004)
7.2 Tension Test Specimens:
7.2.1 The tension test specimens shall be cast to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in the same kind of
molding material used for the production castings. At least
three such specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle
of iron either from each batch-melted heat or, in continuous
melting, from each 4-h pour period during which the purchas-
er’s castings were poured, or as otherwise agreed upon
between manufacturer and purchaser.
7.2.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the
designation of either the batch-melted heat or the pour period
of a continuous heat.
NOTE 1—Modifications may be made in the dimensions indicated
7.2.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
above for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as
production furnaces and in the same cycles as the castings they required by testing procedure and equipment.
FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
represent. However, in those instances wherein the critical
sections of the production castings differ appreciably from that
of the central portion of the test specimens, the time cycle for
tempering the test specimens may be altered from that of the
production lot in order to obtain similar microstructures or
hardness, or both, in both specimen and castings. In such cases
the hardness of the specimens shall be tested and reported
along with the tensile test results.
7.2.4 The tension test is usually performed on unmachined
specimens. However, for referee work, the specimen may be
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
in Fig. 3.
7.3 Tension Test Method:
NOTE 1—The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends
7.3.1 Thegagelengthofthestandardtensionspecimenshall
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
that the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
7.3.2 The diameter used to compute the cross-sectional area from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
shall be the average between the largest and smallest diameters
FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test Specimen
in that section of the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length having the
smallestdiameterandshallbemeasuredtothenearest0.001in.
[0.2 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than 0.590 accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100
in. [15.0 mm] shall be accepted for test. psi [MPa]. In referee work, yield strength shall be determined
7.3.3 After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately as the stress that produces an extension under load of 0.5 % of
half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of the moving the gage length.
head of the testing machine shall not exceed 0.50 in./min [12.5 7.3.5 The tensile strength shall be the maximum load
mm/min] through the breaking load. carried by the specimen during the test divided by the original
7.3.4 While the values for yield point and yield strength are cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance
notidentical,theyaresufficientlycloseformostapplicationsof with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa].
ferritic malleable irons to be used interchangeably. They may 7.3.6 The elongation is the increase in gage length after
be determined by any of the approved techniques described in fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
the paragraphs on Determination of Yield Strength and Yield [0.25 mm], expressed as a percentage of the original gage
Point ofTest Methods E 8. If determined as yield strength, that length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
stress producing an extension under load of 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] 7.4 Retesting:
over the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length (for example, 0.5 % 7.4.1 If, after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
extension) or an offset of 0.2 % shall be taken as the yield defect, another tension test may be made on a companion
stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by dividing specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length found in occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen
A 47/A 47M – 99 (2004)
7.4.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If theBrinellmethod,theRockwelltestmaybesubstituted,using
either retest fails to meet the specification, the castings repre- Test Methods E 18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Con-
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected.Avalid test is versions of hardness values from one method to another
one wherein the test specimen has been properly prepared and according to Hardness Conversion Tables E 140, which does
appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure not specifically cover cast irons, are approximate only and,
has been followed. therefore, are generally inadvisable.
7.4.3 If sufficient companion test bars are unavailable, the 7.5.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
manufacturer shall have the option of testing a specimen cut surface to ensure that the measured surface is representative.
from a representative casting. Therefore, as stated in X1.3, the 7.5.4 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
mechanical properties of such tension test specimen removed testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
from a production casting will not necessarily correspond to Otherwise, hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion
those of a standard separately cast test specimen, the values in of the producer.
Table 1 do not apply. Instead, the mechanical properties of the 7.5.5 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
test specimen from the casting must equal or exceed the rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating
average of those from similar test specimens removed from the they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
same location from two castings of the same design where 7.5.6 Typical hardness maximums for this grade of mal-
separately cast test bars meet the requirements of Table 1. leable iron are listed in Table 2.
7.4.4 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment
8. Microstructure Requirements
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
8.1 The microstructure of the malleable iron shall consist of
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
temper carbon nodules distributed through a ferritic matrix and
with 7.4.1-7.4.3.
shall be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and
7.4.5 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
primary graphite.
posted in permanent record, which shall state any abnormali-
8.2 When agreed upon by the purchaser and producer, the
ties observed during the test and in the fractured ends. Such
maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface after heat
records shall be kept for at least 1 year after shipment of the
treatment may be stipulated in writing, as measured by visual
production castings and shall be available for examination by
depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching in nital,
the purchaser or by his authorized representative.
and viewing at 1003.
7.4.6 If not covered in the purchase agreement, the fre-
8.3 In reference work, the metallographic practice recom-
quency of tension testing shall be in accordance with 7.2.1 and
mended in Test Method A 247 shall be followed.
sufficiently often to ensure uniformity of product and compli-
ance with minimum test requirements.
9. Soundness Requirements
7.4.7 Tension test results, obtained in accordance with the
9.1 All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and
above subsections, must conform to the values of Table 1 for
free of obvious shrinkage and porosity.
acceptance under this specification except as provided in 7.4.3.
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be per-
7.4.8 When agreed upon between manufacturer and pur-
formed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement, and the
chaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars shall be pre-
method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
served by the manufacturer for a period of three months after
the date of the test report.
10. Dimensional Requirements
7.5 Hardness Test—If the purchase agreement requires
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
and a test location clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
establishedbythepatternequipmentsuppliedbythepurchaser,
7.5.1 Hardness Test Method—The Brinell method of hard-
or as agreed upon in specific cases to gages supplied by the
ness testing in accordance with Test Method E 10 shall be
purchaser.Variationsinanysoliddimensionswillbepermitted,
employed whenever possible.
as shown in Table 3, unless otherwise agreed upon by the
7.5.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
foundry and purchaser.
Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500 kgf
may be employed, the hardness number being reported as HB
11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
11.1 The surface of the casting shall be inspected visually,
TABLE 1 Tension Test Requirements particularly in critical areas, for such surface defects as cracks,
hot tears, adhering sand and scale, cold shuts, and gas holes.
Inch-Pound Grades
English Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Elongation in
Grade min, psi min, psi 2 in, min, %
32510 50 000 32 500 10
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness
Metric Grades
Metric Tensile Strength, Yield Strength Elongation in Inch-Pound Grade Hardness, maximum Indentation Value
Grade min, MPa min, MPa 50 mm, min, % [Metric Grade] HB Diameters, mm
22010 340 220 10 325 10 [22010] 156 4.8
A 47/A 47M – 99 (2004)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variation in Any Solid Dimension
receipt at his facility, he shall so notify the manufacturer
Size, in. [mm] Tolerance, 6 in. [mm] promptlyandinnoca
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