ASTM A47/A47M-99(2009)

Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for general engineering usage. The castings are classified as Grade 32510. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the structural and mechanical properties required by this specification. Tension test may be machined from the standard cast bar to the required dimensions. The microstructure of the malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules distributed through ferritic matrix and shall be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and primary graphite. All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and free of obvious shrinkage and porosity. The castings shall conform to the dimensions given by this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to approximately 400°C (750°F).
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in various locations of the same casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron (see Appendix X1).
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2009
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.02 - Malleable and Ductile Iron Castings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A47/A47M-99(2004) - Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Replaced By: ASTM A47/A47M-99(2014) - Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2014
• Referred By: ASTM A834-95(2020) - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D5933-19 - Standard Specification for 2<fraction><num>5</num><den>8</den></fraction>-in. and 4-in. Diameter Metal Shear Plates for Use in Wood Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F432-19 - Standard Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Referred By: ASTM A338-84(2022) - Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy-Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650 °F (345 °C)
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F1476-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Performance of Gasketed Mechanical Couplings for Use in Piping Applications
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F1548-01(2023) - Standard Specification for Performance of Fittings for Use with Gasketed Mechanical Couplings Used in Piping Applications
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A47/A47M −99(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A47/A47M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2.2 Military Standard:
2 MIL-STD-129Marking for Shipment and Storage
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for
2.3 Federal Standard:
general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambi-
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian
ent to approximately 400°C (750°F).
Agencies)
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-
tweenthepropertiesoftheironinvariouslocationsofthesame 3. Terminology
casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to
(see Appendix X1).
iron are found in Terminology A644.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4. Classification
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4.1 Castings ordered and produced under this specification
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining are classified under the following grades based on tests on
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
andshallbeheattreatedwiththosecastingsexceptasprovided
2. Referenced Documents
in 7.2.3.
3 4.1.1 Grade 32510 [Grade 22010]:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.1.1 The first three digits of the grade designation indi-
A153/A153MSpecification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
cate the minimum yield strength (×100 psi [MPa]) and the last
Iron and Steel Hardware
two digits indicate the minimum elongation (% in 2 in. [50
A247Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
mm]).
Graphite in Iron Castings
A644Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
5. Ordering Information
E8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
specification shall state the specification designation, the year
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
in which the specification was issued, and the grade of
terials
malleable iron to be supplied. Any option or special additions
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
to the basic requirements of this specification shall be clearly
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
and fully stipulated.
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
Scleroscope Hardness
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 Thechemicalcompositionoftheironshallbesuchasto
produce the structural and mechanical properties required by
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
this specification.
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
Ductile Iron Castings.
7. Mechanical Properties
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A47/A47M–99
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
(2004). DOI: 10.1520/A0047_A0047M-99R09.
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-47 in Section II of that code.
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
the ASTM website. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A47/A47M−99 (2009)
7.2 Tension Test Specimens:
7.2.1 The tension test specimens shall be cast to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in the same kind of
molding material used for the production castings. At least
three such specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle
of iron either from each batch-melted heat or, in continuous
melting, from each 4-h pour period during which the purchas-
er’s castings were poured, or as otherwise agreed upon
between manufacturer and purchaser.
7.2.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the
designation of either the batch-melted heat or the pour period
NOTE1—Modificationsmaybemadeinthedimensionsindicatedabove
of a continuous heat.
for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
7.2.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
testing procedure and equipment.
productionfurnacesandinthesamecyclesasthecastingsthey
FIG. 2Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
represent. However, in those instances wherein the critical
sections of the production castings differ appreciably from that
of the central portion of the test specimens, the time cycle for
tempering the test specimens may be altered from that of the
production lot in order to obtain similar microstructures or
hardness,orboth,inbothspecimenandcastings.Insuchcases
the hardness of the specimens shall be tested and reported
along with the tensile test results.
7.2.4 The tension test is usually performed on unmachined
specimens. However, for referee work, the specimen may be
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
in Fig. 3.
NOTE 1—The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
7.3 Tension Test Method:
that the load shall be axial.The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
7.3.1 Thegagelengthofthestandardtensionspecimenshall
from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
7.3.2 Thediameterusedtocomputethecross-sectionalarea
FIG. 3Machined Tension Test Specimen
shallbetheaveragebetweenthelargestandsmallestdiameters
in that section of the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length having the
smallestdiameterandshallbemeasuredtothenearest0.001in.
by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length found in
[0.2 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than 0.590
accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100
in. [15.0 mm] shall be accepted for test.
psi [MPa]. In referee work, yield strength shall be determined
7.3.3 After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately
as the stress that produces an extension under load of 0.5% of
half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of the moving
the gage length.
headofthetestingmachineshallnotexceed0.50in./min[12.5
7.3.5 The tensile strength shall be the maximum load
mm/min] through the breaking load.
carried by the specimen during the test divided by the original
7.3.4 While the values for yield point and yield strength are
cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance
notidentical,theyaresufficientlycloseformostapplicationsof
with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa].
ferritic malleable irons to be used interchangeably. They may
7.3.6 The elongation is the increase in gage length after
be determined by any of the approved techniques described in
fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
the paragraphs on Determination of Yield Strength and Yield
[0.25 mm], expressed as a percentage of the original gage
Point of Test Methods E8. If determined as yield strength, that
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5%.
stressproducinganextensionunderloadof0.01in.[0.25mm]
over the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length (for example, 0.5% 7.4 Retesting:
extension) or an offset of 0.2% shall be taken as the yield 7.4.1 If, after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by dividing defect, another tension test may be made on a companion
FIG. 1Tension Test Specimen
A47/A47M−99 (2009)
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture 7.5.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
occurs outside the central 50% of the gage length. Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500 kgf
7.4.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the may be employed, the hardness number being reported as HB
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use
either retest fails to meet the specification, the castings repre- theBrinellmethod,theRockwelltestmaybesubstituted,using
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected.Avalid test is Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Con-
one wherein the test specimen has been properly prepared and versions of hardness values from one method to another
appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure according to Hardness Conversion Tables E140, which does
has been followed. not specifically cover cast irons, are approximate only and,
7.4.3 If sufficient companion test bars are unavailable, the therefore, are generally inadvisable.
manufacturer shall have the option of testing a specimen cut 7.5.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
from a representative casting. Therefore, as stated in X1.3, the surface to ensure that the measured surface is representative.
mechanical properties of such tension test specimen removed 7.5.4 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
from a production casting will not necessarily correspond to testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
those of a standard separately cast test specimen, the values in Otherwise, hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion
Table 1 do not apply. Instead, the mechanical properties of the of the producer.
test specimen from the casting must equal or exceed the 7.5.5 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
averageofthosefromsimilartestspecimensremovedfromthe rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating
same location from two castings of the same design where they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
separately cast test bars meet the requirements of Table 1. 7.5.6 Typical hardness maximums for this grade of mal-
7.4.4 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment leable iron are listed in Table 2.
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
8. Microstructure Requirements
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
8.1 Themicrostructureofthemalleableironshallconsistof
with 7.4.1-7.4.3.
tempercarbonnodulesdistributedthroughaferriticmatrixand
7.4.5 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
shall be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and
posted in permanent record, which shall state any abnormali-
primary graphite.
ties observed during the test and in the fractured ends. Such
8.2 When agreed upon by the purchaser and producer, the
records shall be kept for at least 1 year after shipment of the
maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface after heat
production castings and shall be available for examination by
treatment may be stipulated in writing, as measured by visual
the purchaser or by his authorized representative.
depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching in nital,
7.4.6 If not covered in the purchase agreement, the fre-
and viewing at 100×.
quencyoftensiontestingshallbeinaccordancewith7.2.1and
sufficiently often to ensure uniformity of product and compli- 8.3 In reference work, the metallographic practice recom-
ance with minimum test requirements. mended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.
7.4.7 Tension test results, obtained in accordance with the
above subsections, must conform to the values of Table 1 for 9. Soundness Requirements
acceptanceunderthisspecificationexceptasprovidedin7.4.3.
9.1 All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and
7.4.8 When agreed upon between manufacturer and pur-
free of obvious shrinkage and porosity.
chaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars shall be pre-
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be per-
served by the manufacturer for a period of three months after
formed,itshallbesostatedinthepurchaseagreement,andthe
the date of the test report.
method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
7.5 Hardness Test—If the purchase agreement requires
hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated
10. Dimensional Requirements
and a test location clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
7.5.1 Hardness Test Method—The Brinell method of hard-
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
ness testing in accordance with Test Method E10 shall be
establishedbythepatternequipmentsuppliedbythepurchaser,
employed whenever possible.
or as agreed upon in specific cases to gages supplied by the
purchaser.Variationsinanysoliddimensionswillbepermitted,
as shown in Table 3, unless otherwise agreed upon by the
TABLE 1 Tension Test Requirements
foundry and purchaser.
Inch-Pound Grades
English Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Elongation in
Grade min, psi min, psi 2 in, min, %
32510 50 000 32 500 10
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness
Metric Grades
Metric Tensile Strength, Yield Strength Elongation in Inch-Pound Grade Hardness, maximum Indentation Value
Grade min, MPa min, MPa 50 mm, min, % [Metric Grade] HB Diameters, mm
22010 340 220 10 325 10 [22010] 156 4.8
A47/A47M−99 (2009)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variation in Any Solid Dimension
specification, the castings shall be acceptable; if they do not,
Size, in. [mm] Tolerance, ± in. [mm] they shall be rejected.
Up to 1 [up to 25] 0.03 [0.8]
13.2 If the purchaser should find that a casting or lot of
1 to 6 [25 to 150] 0.06 [1.6]
castings fails to comply with this specification subsequent to
6 to 12 [151 to 300] 0.12 [3.2]
12 to 18 [301 to 460] 0.15 [3.8]
receipt at his facility, he shall so notify the manufacturer
18 to 24 [461 to 600] 0.19 [4.8]
promptlyandinnocaselaterthansixweeksafterreceiptofthe
24 to 36 [601 to 900] 0.22 [5.6]
shipment, stating clearly
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 47/A 47M–99 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: A47/A47M – 99
(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A47/A47M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to
approximately 400°C (750°F).
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in various locations of the same casting
and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron (see Appendix X1).
1.3 The values stated in either inch-poundSI units or SIinch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the
text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system aremay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
specification. standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A153153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic MaterialsTest Methods for Rockwell
Hardness of Metallic Materials
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,
Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
2.3 Federal Standard:
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian Agencies)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to iron are found in Terminology A 644.A644.
4. Classification
4.1 Castingsorderedandproducedunderthisspecificationareclassifiedunderthefollowinggradesbasedontestsonseparately
cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent and shall be heat
treated with those castings except as provided in 7.2.3.
4.1.1 Grade 32510 [Grade 22010]:
4.1.1.1 The first three digits of the grade designation indicate the minimum yield strength (3100 psi [MPa]) and the last two
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA04.02 on Malleable and Ductile
Iron Castings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 47/A 47M–99.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A47/A47M – 99 (2004). DOI:
10.1520/A0047_A0047M-99R09.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-47 in Section II of that code.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A47/A47M – 99 (2009)
digits indicate the minimum elongation (% in 2 in. [50 mm]).
5. Ordering Information
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this specification shall state the specification designation, the year in which
the specification was issued, and the grade of malleable iron to be supplied. Any option or special additions to the basic
requirements of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the structural and mechanical properties required by this
specification.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their relationship to those of test specimens and separate test castings are
discussed in Appendix X1.
7.2 Tension Test Specimens:
7.2.1 The tension test specimens shall be cast to the form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in the same kind of molding
material used for the production castings.At least three such specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle of iron either from
each batch-melted heat or, in continuous melting, from each 4-h pour period during which the purchaser’s castings were poured,
or as otherwise agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
7.2.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the designation of either the batch-melted heat or the pour period of
a continuous heat.
7.2.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same production furnaces and in the same cycles as the castings they
represent. However, in those instances wherein the critical sections of the production castings differ appreciably from that of the
central portion of the test specimens, the time cycle for tempering the test specimens may be altered from that of the production
lot in order to obtain similar microstructures or hardness, or both, in both specimen and castings. In such cases the hardness of
the specimens shall be tested and reported along with the tensile test results.
7.2.4 The tension test is usually performed on unmachined specimens. However, for referee work, the specimen may be
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown in Fig. 3.
7.3 Tension Test Method:
7.3.1 The gage length of the standard tension specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
7.3.2 The diameter used to compute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the largest and smallest diameters in
that section of the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length having the smallest diameter and shall be measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.2 mm].
No cast bar having a mean diameter less than 0.590 in. [15.0 mm] shall be accepted for test.
7.3.3 After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of the moving head of
the testing machine shall not exceed 0.50 in./min [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
7.3.4 While the values for yield point and yield strength are not identical, they are sufficiently close for most applications of
ferritic malleable irons to be used interchangeably. They may be determined by any of the approved techniques described in the
paragraphs on Determination ofYield Strength andYield Point ofTest Methods E 8.E8. If determined as yield strength, that stress
producing an extension under load of 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] over the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length (for example, 0.5 % extension) or
an offset of 0.2 % shall be taken as the yield stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by dividing by the original
cross-sectional area of the gage length found in accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa]. In referee
work, yield strength shall be determined as the stress that produces an extension under load of 0.5 % of the gage length.
7.3.5 The tensile strength shall be the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided by the original
cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa].
7.3.6 The elongation is the increase in gage length after fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25
mm], expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
7.4 Retesting:
7.4.1 If,aftertesting,aspecimenshowsevidenceofadefect,anothertensiontestmaybemadeonacompanionspecimen.Also,
a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
7.4.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If either
retest fails to meet the specification, the castings represented by these test specimens shall be rejected.Avalid test is one wherein
FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen
A47/A47M – 99 (2009)
NOTE 1—Modifications may be made in the dimensions indicated
above for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as
required by testing procedure and equipment.
FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
NOTE 1—The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
that the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test Specimen
thetestspecimenhasbeenproperlypreparedandappearstobesoundandonwhichtheapprovedtestprocedurehasbeenfollowed.
7.4.3 If sufficient companion test bars are unavailable, the manufacturer shall have the option of testing a specimen cut from
a representative casting. Therefore, as stated in X1.3, the mechanical properties of such tension test specimen removed from a
production casting will not necessarily correspond to those of a standard separately cast test specimen, the values in Table 1 do
not apply. Instead, the mechanical properties of the test specimen from the casting must equal or exceed the average of those from
similar test specimens removed from the same location from two castings of the same design where separately cast test bars meet
the requirements of Table 1.
7.4.4 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of castings and
the representative test specimens shall be reheat treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance with 7.4.1-7.4.3.
7.4.5 Theresultsofalltests,includingretests,shallbepostedinpermanentrecord,whichshallstateanyabnormalitiesobserved
during the test and in the fractured ends. Such records shall be kept for at least 1 year after shipment of the production castings
and shall be available for examination by the purchaser or by his authorized representative.
7.4.6 Ifnotcoveredinthepurchaseagreement,thefrequencyoftensiontestingshallbeinaccordancewith7.2.1andsufficiently
often to ensure uniformity of product and compliance with minimum test requirements.
7.4.7 Tension test results, obtained in accordance with the above subsections, must conform to the values of Table 1 for
acceptance under this specification except as provided in 7.4.3.
TABLE 1 Tension Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
English Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Elongation in
Grade min, psi min, psi 2 in, min, %
32510 50 000 32 500 10
Metric Grades
Metric Tensile Strength, Yield Strength Elongation in
Grade min, MPa min, MPa 50 mm, min, %
22010 340 220 10
A47/A47M – 99 (2009)
7.4.8 When agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars shall be preserved by the
manufacturer for a period of three months after the date of the test report.
7.5 Hardness Test—If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a test
location clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
7.5.1 Hardness Test Method—The Brinell method of hardness testing in accordance with Test Method E 10E10 shall be
employed whenever possible.
7.5.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500 kgf may be
employed, the hardness number being reported as HB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use the Brinell
method, the Rockwell test may be substituted, using Test Methods E 18E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Conversions of
hardness values from one method to another according to Hardness Conversion Tables E 140,E140, which does not specifically
cover cast irons, are approximate only and, therefore, are generally inadvisable.
7.5.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast surface to ensure that the measured surface is representative.
7.5.4 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement. Otherwise,
hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion of the producer.
7.5.5 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness range may be reheat treated and retested. If after reheat treating they
still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
7.5.6 Typical hardness maximums for this grade of malleable iron are listed in Table 2.
8. Microstructure Requirements
8.1 Themicrostructureofthemalleableironshallconsistoftempercarbonnodulesdistributedthroughaferriticmatrixandshall
be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and primary graphite.
8.2 When agreed upon by the purchaser and producer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface after heat treatment
may be stipulated in writing, as measured by visual depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching in nital, and viewing
at 1003.
8.3 In reference work, the metallographic practice recommended in Test Method A 247A247 shall be followed.
9. Soundness Requirements
9.1 All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and free of obvious shrinkage and porosity.
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be performed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement, and the method
and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
10. Dimensional Requirements
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
established by the pattern equipment supplied by the purchaser, or as agreed upon in specific cases to gages supplied by the
purchaser. Variations in any solid dimensions will be permitted, as shown in Table 3, unless otherwise agreed upon by the foundry
and purchaser.
11.
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