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ASTM D396-01

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This specification (Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grades 1, 1 Low Sulfur, 2 and 2 Low Sulfur are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.
1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels or distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.
1.1.3 Grades 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. Note 1--For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.Note 2--A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as standard.
Note 3--The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0.01 - Burner Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D396-98 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D396-02 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4625-21 - Standard Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at 43 °C (110 °F)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D97-17b(2022) - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7061-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability Number by an Optical Scanning Device
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D445-21e2 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6748-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Potential Instability of Middle Distillate Fuels Caused by the Presence of Phenalenes and Phenalenones (Rapid Method by Portable Spectrophotometer)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8166-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6021-22 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Total Hydrogen Sulfide in Residual Fuels by Multiple Headspace Extraction and Sulfur Specific Detection
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6258-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Solvent Red 164 Dye Concentration in Diesel Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6217-21 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5705-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Vapor Phase Above Residual Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7157-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7464-20 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for Microbiological Testing
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001

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Standards Content (Sample)

An American National Standard
Designation: D 396 – 01
Standard Specification for
1
Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification (Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
2
are described as follows: Atmospheric Pressure
1.1.1 Grades 1, 1 Low Sulfur, 2 and 2 Low Sulfur are D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2
middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial Closed Cup Tester
burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adapted to D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
2
vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require Bituminous Materials by Distillation
2
low pour point fuel. D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels or D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
2
distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial eral Bomb Method)
burners equipped for this viscosity range. D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
2
1.1.3 Grades5(Light),5(Heavy),and6areresidualfuelsof Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
2
atomization. ity)
D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and
2
Oils by the Extraction Method
test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
2
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
NOTE 2—Amore detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
in X1.3.
2
Petroleum Products
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies
2
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
purchasesoffueloilsandfortheguidanceofconsumersoffuel
2
(Lamp Method)
oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
restrictive.
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as
2
(High-Temperature Method)
standard.
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
2
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
ucts
problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
2
etry
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E on Burner, Diesel, Non-aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels .
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originally
2
published as D 396 – 34 T. Last previous edition D 396 – 98. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 396
D 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
3 4
Oils (Rotational Method)
D 3828 TestMethodsforFlashPointbySmallScaleClosed D 6469 Guide to Microbial Contamination in Fuels and
3 5
Tester Fuel Systems
6
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of 2.2 Other Documents:
3
Liquids by Digital Density Meter 26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Concentration
3
Petroleum Products 40 Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives
D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
3. General Requirements
Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescen
...

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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
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Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
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Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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