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ASTM D396-02

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This specification (Note 0) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grades 1, 1 Low Sulfur, 2, and 2 Low Sulfur are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.
1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels or distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.
1.1.3 Grades 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.
Note 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2—A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in .
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as standard.
Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2002
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D396-01 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D396-02a - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7061-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability Number by an Optical Scanning Device
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4625-21 - Standard Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at 43 °C (110 °F)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7321-21 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination of Biodiesel B100 Blend Stock Biodiesel Esters and Biodiesel Blends by Laboratory Filtration
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2068-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking Tendency
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2880-23 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8070-23 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8181-19 - Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2274-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D97-17b(2022) - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7545-14(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels—Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7095-17 - Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products Using a Disposable Copper Foil Strip
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8274-20a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM D396-02 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 396 – 02
Standard Specification for
1
Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification (Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
2
are described as follows: Atmospheric Pressure
1.1.1 Grades 1, 1 Low Sulfur, 2, and 2 Low Sulfur are D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2
middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial Closed Cup Tester
burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adapted to D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
2
vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require Bituminous Materials by Distillation
2
low pour point fuel. D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels or D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
2
distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial eral Bomb Method)
burners equipped for this viscosity range. D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
2
1.1.3 Grades5(Light),5(Heavy),and6areresidualfuelsof Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
2
atomization. ity)
D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and
2
Oils by the Extraction Method
test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
2
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
NOTE 2—Amore detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
in X1.3.
2
Petroleum Products
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies
2
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
purchasesoffueloilsandfortheguidanceofconsumersoffuel
2
(Lamp Method)
oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
restrictive.
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as
2
(High-Temperature Method)
standard.
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
2
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
ucts
problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865D 4865.
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
2
etry
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally
2
published as D 396–34T. Last previous edition D 396–01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D396–02
D 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel 5. Test Methods
3
Oils
5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
D 3828 TestMethodsforFlashPointbySmallScaleClosed be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
7
3
Tester methods, except as may be required under 5.1.1.
5.1.1 Flash Point—Test Method D 93D93, except where
D 4
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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