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ASTM E466-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials

Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and throughout the test. This practice is limited to the fatigue testing of axial unnotched and notched specimens subjected to a constant amplitude, periodic forcing function in air at room temperature. This practice is not intended for application in axial fatigue tests of components or parts.
Note 1-The following documents, although not directly referenced in the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
E 739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (-N) Fatigue Data
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2007
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
Drafting Committee
E08.05 - Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E466-96(2002)e1 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1012-19 - Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM E606/E606M-21 - Standard Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3056-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N06625) with Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1801-20 - Standard Practice for Corrosion Fatigue Testing of Metallic Implant Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2924-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2346-18 - Standard Test Methods for Static and Dynamic Characterization of Spinal Artificial Discs
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1160-14(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Shear and Bending Fatigue Testing of Calcium Phosphate and Metallic Medical and Composite Calcium Phosphate/Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM B595-21 - Standard Specification for Materials for Aluminum Powder Metallurgy (PM) Structural Parts
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3055-14a(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N07718) with Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM E468/E468M-23 - Standard Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
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ASTM F1875-98(2022) - Standard Practice for Fretting Corrosion Testing of Modular Implant Interfaces: Hip Femoral Head-Bore and Cone Taper Interface
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM E740/E740M-03(2016) - Standard Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Tension Specimens
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2118-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Constant Amplitude of Force Controlled Fatigue Testing of Acrylic Bone Cement Materials
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01-Nov-2007

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ASTM E466-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic MaterialsASTM E466-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
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ASTM E466-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
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REDLINE ASTM E466-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic MaterialsREDLINE ASTM E466-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
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REDLINE ASTM E466-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E466 − 07
StandardPractice for
Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial
1
Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E466; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1012Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance
Force Application
of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue
E1823TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
strength of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the
strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and
3. Terminology
throughout the test. This practice is limited to the fatigue
3.1 Definitions:
testing of axial unnotched and notched specimens subjected to
3.1.1 The terms used in this practice shall be as defined in
a constant amplitude, periodic forcing function in air at room
Terminology E1823.
temperature. This practice is not intended for application in
axial fatigue tests of components or parts.
4. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—The following documents, although not directly referenced in
4.1 The axial force fatigue test is used to determine the
the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
effect of variations in material, geometry, surface condition,
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-
stress, and so forth, on the fatigue resistance of metallic
Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
2
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing materials subjected to direct stress for relatively large numbers
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue
of cycles. The results may also be used as a guide for the
3
Experiments
selection of metallic materials for service under conditions of
4
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits
repeated direct stress.
2. Referenced Documents 4.2 In order to verify that such basic fatigue data generated
5
using this practice is comparable, reproducible, and correlated
2.1 ASTM Standards:
among laboratories, it may be advantageous to conduct a
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
round-robin-type test program from a statistician’s point of
E467Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
view.Todosowouldrequirethecontrolorbalanceofwhatare
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
often deemed nuisance variables; for example, hardness,
E468Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
cleanliness, grain size, composition, directionality, surface
tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
residual stress, surface finish, and so forth. Thus, when
E606Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
embarking on a program of this nature it is essential to define
E739PracticeforStatisticalAnalysisofLinearorLinearized
and maintain consistency a priori, as many variables as
Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
reasonably possible, with as much economy as prudent. All
material variables, testing information, and procedures used
should be reported so that correlation and reproducibility of
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE08onFatigueand
results may be attempted in a fashion that is considered
Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.05 on Cyclic
Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation. reasonably good current test practice.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally
ε1 4.3 The results of the axial force fatigue test are suitable for
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E466–96(2002) .
DOI: 10.1520/E0466-07. application to design only when the specimen test conditions
2
Handbook of Fatigue Testing, ASTM STP 566, ASTM, 1974.
realistically simulate service conditions or some methodology
3
Little, R. E., Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis, ASTM STP 588,
of accounting for service conditions is available and clearly
ASTM, 1975.
4 defined.
Little, R. E., Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits, ASTM STP 731,
ASTM, 1981.
5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 5. Specimen Design
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 The type of specimen used will depend on the objective
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of the test program, the type of equipment, the equipment
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:E466–96 (Reapproved 2002) Designation:E466–07
Standard Practice for
Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial
1
Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E466; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Section 3.1.1 was editorially updated in June 2002.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue strength
of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and throughout
thetest.Thispracticeislimitedtothefatiguetestingofaxialunnotchedandnotchedspecimenssubjectedtoaconstantamplitude,
periodic forcing function in air at room temperature. This practice is not intended for application in axial fatigue tests of
components or parts.
NOTE 1—The following documents, although not directly referenced in the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (e-N) Fatigue Data
2
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
3
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
4
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits
2. Referenced Documents
5
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E3Practice Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
5
E606Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
5
E739PracticeforStatisticalAnalysisofLinearorLinearizedStress-Life(S-N)andStrain-Life(e-N)FatigueData Practicefor
Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life ( S-N) and Strain-Life (-N) Fatigue Data
5
E1012Practice for Verification of Specimen Alignment Under Tensile Loading Practice for Verification of Test Frame and
Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The terms used in this practice shall be as defined in Terminology E1823.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The axial force fatigue test is used to determine the effect of variations in material, geometry, surface condition, stress, and
so forth, on the fatigue resistance of metallic materials subjected to direct stress for relatively large numbers of cycles.The results
may also be used as a guide for the selection of metallic materials for service under conditions of repeated direct stress.
4.2 In order to verify that such basic fatigue data generated using this practice is comparable, reproducible, and correlated
among laboratories, it may be advantageous to conduct a round-robin-type test program from a statistician’s point of view. To do
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.05 on Cyclic Deformation
and Fatigue Crack Formation.
Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published June 2002. Originally published as E466–72 T. Last previous edition E466–95.
e1
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E466–96(2002) .
2
Handbook of Fatigue Testing, ASTM STP 566, ASTM, 1974.
3
Little, R. E., Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis, ASTM STP 588, ASTM, 1975.
4
Little, R. E., Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits, ASTM STP 731, ASTM, 1981.
5
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 03.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E466–07
sowouldrequirethecontrolorbalanceofwhatareoftendeemednuisancevariables;forexample,hardness,cleanliness,grainsize,
composition, directionality, surface residual stress, surface finish, and so forth.Thus, when embarking on a
...

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6.1 Creep crack growth rate expressed as a function of the steady state C* or K characterizes the resistance of a material to crack growth under conditions of extensive creep deformation or under brittle creep conditions. Background information on the rationale for employing the fracture mechanics approach in the analyses of creep crack growth data is given in (11, 13, 30-35).  
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Standard Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Tension Specimens

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4.1 The surface-crack tension (SCT) test is used to estimate the load-carrying capacity of simple sheet- or plate-like structural components having a type of flaw likely to occur in service. The test is also used for research purposes to investigate failure mechanisms of cracks under service conditions.  
4.2 The residual strength of an SCT specimen is a function of the crack depth and length and the specimen thickness as well as the characteristics of the material. This relationship is extremely complex and cannot be completely described or characterized at present.  
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1.1 This practice covers the design, preparation, and testing of surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens. It relates specifically to testing under continuously increasing force and excludes cyclic and sustained loadings. The quantity determined is the residual strength of a specimen having a semielliptical or circular-segment fatigue crack in one surface. This value depends on the crack dimensions and the specimen thickness as well as the characteristics of the material.  
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Note 1: Further information on background and need for this type of test is given in the report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through-Crack Testing (1).2  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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5.1.3 Fatigue crack growth rate data are not always geometry-independent in the strict sense since thickness effects sometimes occur. However, data on the influence of thickness on fatigue crack growth rate are mixed. Fatigue crack growth rates over a wide range of ΔK have been reported to either increase, decrease, or remain unaffected as specimen...
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1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of fatigue crack growth rates from near-threshold (see region I in Fig. 1) to Kmax  controlled instability (see region III in Fig. 1.) Results are expressed in terms of the crack-tip stress-intensity factor range (ΔK), defined by the theory of linear elasticity.  
1.9 Special requirements for the various specimen configurations appear in the following order:
The Compact Specimen  
Annex A1  
The Middle Tension Specimen  
Annex A2  
The Eccentrically-Loaded Single Edge Crack Tension Specimen  
Annex A3  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E399-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The property KIc determined by this test method characterizes the resistance of a material to fracture in a neutral environment in the presence of a sharp crack under essentially linear-elastic stress and severe tensile constraint, such that (1) the state of stress near the crack front approaches tritensile plane strain, and (2) the crack-tip plastic zone is small compared to the crack size, specimen thickness, and ligament ahead of the crack.  
5.1.1 Variation in the value of KIc can be expected within the allowable range of specimen proportions, a/W and  W/B. KIc may also be expected to rise with increasing ligament size. Notwithstanding these variations, however, KIc is believed to represent a lower limiting value of fracture toughness (for 2 % apparent crack extension) in the environment and at the speed and temperature of the test.  
5.1.2 Lower and more highly variable values of fracture toughness can be obtained from specimens that fail by cleavage fracture; for example, specimens of ferritic steels tested at temperatures in the ductile-to-brittle transition region or below. Specimens failing by cleavage are also more likely to exhibit warm prestressing effects, where precracking at a temperature higher than the test temperature can artificially increase the fracture toughness measured (2). The present test method is not intended for cleavage fracture. Instead, the user is referred to Test Method E1921 and E1820 which are applicable to cleavage fracture and contain safeguards against warm prestressing. Likewise this test method should not be used when specimen failure is accompanied by appreciable plastic deformation even after the specimen size has been maximized within product dimensional constraints. Guidance on testing elastic-plastic materials is given in Test Method E1820.  
5.1.3 The value of KIc obtained by this test method may be used to estimate the relation between failure stress and crack size for a material in service wherein the condition...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture toughness (KIc and optionally KIsi) of metallic materials under predominantly linear-elastic, plane-strain conditions using fatigue precracked specimens having a thickness of 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) or greater2 subjected to slowly, or in special (elective) cases rapidly, increasing crack-displacement force. Details of test apparatus, specimen configuration, and experimental procedure are given in the annexes. Two procedures are outlined for using the experimental data to calculate fracture toughness values:  
1.1.1 The KIc test procedure is described in the main body of this test standard and is a mandatory part of the testing and results reporting procedure for this test method. The KIc test procedure is based on crack growth of up to 2 % percent of the specimen width. This can lead to a specimen size dependent rising fracture toughness resistance curve, with larger specimens producing higher fracture toughness results.  
1.1.2 The KIsi test procedure is described in Appendix X1 and is an optional part of this test method. The KIsi test procedure is based on a fixed amount of crack extension of 0.5 mm, and as a result, KIsi is less sensitive to specimen size than KIc. This less size-sensitive fracture toughness, KIsi, is called size-insensitive throughout this test method. Appendix X1 contains an optional procedure for reinterpreting the force-displacement test record recorded as part of this test method to calculate the additional fracture toughness value, KIsi.
Note 1: Plane-strain fracture toughness tests of materials thinner than 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) that are sufficiently brittle (see 7.1) can be made using other types of specimens (1).3 There is no standard test method for such thin materials.  
1.2 This test method is divided into two parts. The first part gives general recommendations and requirements for testing and includes specific requirements for the KI...

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ASTM
ASTM E468/E468M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
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1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E561-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for KR Curve Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The KR curve characterizes the resistance to fracture of materials during slow, stable crack extension and results from the growth of the plastic zone ahead of the crack as it extends from a fatigue precrack or sharp notch. It provides a record of the toughness development as a crack is driven stably under increasing applied stress intensity factor K. For a given material, KR curves are dependent upon specimen thickness, temperature, and strain rate. The amount of valid KR data generated in the test depends on the specimen type, size, method of loading, and, to a lesser extent, testing machine characteristics.  
5.2 For an untested geometry, the KR curve can be matched with the applied-K curves (crack driving curves) to estimate the degree of stable crack extension and the conditions necessary to cause unstable crack propagation (2). In making this estimate, KR curves are regarded as being independent of initial crack size ao and the specimen configuration in which they are developed. For a given material, material thickness, and test temperature, KR curves appear to be a function of only the effective crack extension Δae (3).  
5.2.1 To predict crack behavior and instability in a component, a family of applied-K curves is generated by calculating  K as a function of crack size for the component using a series of force, displacement, or combined loading conditions. The KR curve may be superimposed on the family of applied-K curves as shown in Fig. 1, with the origin of the KR curve coinciding with the assumed initial crack size ao. The intersection of the applied-K curves with the KR curve shows the expected effective stable crack extension for each loading condition. The applied-K curve that develops tangency with the KR curve defines the critical loading condition that will cause the onset of unstable fracture under the loading conditions used to develop the applied-K curves.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of KR curve and Applied K Curves to Predict Insta...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to fracture of metallic materials under Mode I loading at static rates using either of the following notched and precracked specimens: the middle-cracked tension M(T) specimen or the compact tension C(T) specimen. A KR curve is a continuous record of toughness development (resistance to crack extension) in terms of KR plotted against crack extension in the specimen as a crack is driven under an increasing stress intensity factor, K. (1)2  
1.2 Materials that can be tested for KR curve development are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, so long as specimens are of sufficient size to remain predominantly elastic to the effective crack extension value of interest.  
1.3 Specimens of standard proportions are required, but size is variable, to be adjusted for yield strength and toughness of the materials.  
1.4 Only two of the many possible specimen types that could be used to develop KR curves are covered in this method.  
1.5 The test is applicable to conditions where a material exhibits slow, stable crack extension under increasing crack driving force, which may exist in relatively tough materials under plane stress crack tip conditions.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Reco...

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ASTM
ASTM E2789-10(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fretting fatigue tests are used to determine the effects of several fretting parameters on the fatigue lives of metallic materials. Some of these parameters include differing materials, relative displacement amplitudes, normal force at the fretting contact, alternating tangential force, the contact geometry, surface integrity parameters such as finish, and the environment. Comparative tests are used to determine the effectiveness of palliatives on the fatigue life of specimens with well-controlled boundary conditions so that the mechanics of the fretting fatigue test can be modeled. Generally, it is useful to compare the fretting fatigue response to plain fatigue to obtain knockdown or reduction factors from fretting fatigue. The results may be used as a guide in selecting material combinations, design stress levels, lubricants, and coatings to alleviate or eliminate fretting fatigue concerns in new or existing designs. However, due to the synergisms of fatigue, wear, and corrosion on the fretting fatigue parameters, extreme care should be exercised in the judgment to determine if the test conditions meet the design or system conditions.  
4.2 For data to be comparable, reproducible, and correlated amongst laboratories and relevant to mimic fretting in an application, all parameters critical to the fretting fatigue life of the material in question will need to be replicated. Because alterations in environment, metallurgical properties, fretting loading (controlled forces and displacements), compliance of the test system, etc. can affect the response, no general guidelines exist to quantitatively ascertain what the effect will be on the specimen fretting fatigue life if a single parameter is varied. To assure test results can be correlated and reproduced, all material variables, testing information, physical procedures, and analytical procedures should be reported in a manner that is consistent with good current test practices.  
4.3 Because of the wear phenome...
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1.1 This guide defines terminology and covers general requirements for conducting fretting fatigue tests and reporting the results. It describes the general types of fretting fatigue tests and provides some suggestions on developing and conducting fretting fatigue test programs.  
1.2 Fretting fatigue tests are designed to determine the effects of mechanical and environmental parameters on the fretting fatigue behavior of metallic materials. This guide is not intended to establish preference of one apparatus or specimen design over others, but will establish guidelines for adherence in the design, calibration, and use of fretting fatigue apparatus and recommend the means to collect, record, and reporting of the data.  
1.3 The number of cycles to form a fretting fatigue crack is dependent on both the material of the fatigue specimen and fretting pad, the geometry of contact between the two, and the method by which the loading and displacement are imposed. Similar to wear behavior of materials, it is important to consider fretting fatigue as a system response, instead of a material response. Because of this dependency on the configuration of the system, quantifiable comparisons of various material combinations should be based on tests using similar fretting fatigue configurations and material couples.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E466-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The axial force fatigue test is used to determine the effect of variations in material, geometry, surface condition, stress, and so forth, on the fatigue resistance of metallic materials subjected to direct stress for relatively large numbers of cycles. The results may also be used as a guide for the selection of metallic materials for service under conditions of repeated direct stress.  
4.2 In order to verify that such basic fatigue data generated using this practice is comparable, reproducible, and correlated among laboratories, it may be advantageous to conduct a round-robin-type test program from a statistician's point of view. To do so would require the control or balance of what are often deemed nuisance variables; for example, hardness, cleanliness, grain size, composition, directionality, surface residual stress, surface finish, and so forth. Thus, when embarking on a program of this nature it is essential to define and maintain consistency a priori, as many variables as reasonably possible, with as much economy as prudent. All material variables, testing information, and procedures used should be reported so that correlation and reproducibility of results may be attempted in a fashion that is considered reasonably good current test practice.  
4.3 The results of the axial force fatigue test are suitable for application to design only when the specimen test conditions realistically simulate service conditions or some methodology of accounting for service conditions is available and clearly defined.
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and throughout the test. This practice is limited to the fatigue testing of axial unnotched and notched specimens subjected to a constant amplitude, periodic forcing function in air at room temperature.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
Note 1: The following documents, although not directly referenced in the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing2
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments3
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits4  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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