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ASTM D1657-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi).
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for materials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type of equipment. Higher pressures may apply to other equipment designs.
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. Both SI and customary units have been rounded so that they may not be exactly equivalent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2002
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1657-89 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Thermohydrometer (Withdrawn 1998)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D1657-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2598-21 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Certain Physical Properties of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases from Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2426-23 - Standard Test Method for Butadiene Dimer and Styrene in Butadiene Concentrates by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D1835-22 - Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E126-19 - Standard Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM Hydrometers
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002

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ASTM D1657-02 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure HydrometerASTM D1657-02 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
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ASTM D1657-02 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D1657–02
Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 9.2
Standard Test Method for
Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by
1
Pressure Hydrometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope AdjuncttoD 1250GuideforPetroleumMeasurementTables
(API MPMS Chapter 11.1)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied
3. Terminology
petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding
3.1 Definitions:
101.325 kPa (14.696 psi).
3.1.1 density, n—the mass of liquid per unit volume at 15°C
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for mate-
and its saturation pressure with the standard unit of measure-
rials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at
ment being kilograms per cubic metre.
the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Other reference temperatures, such as
of equipment. Higher pressures may apply to other equipment
20°Cmaybeusedforsomeproductsorinsomelocations.Less
designs.
preferredunitsofmeasurement;forexample,kg/Lorg/mL,are
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
still in use.
Thevaluesinparenthesesareforinformationonly.BothSIand
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity), n—the ratio of the
customary units have been rounded so that they may not be
mass of a given volume of liquid at a specific temperature to
exactly equivalent.
the mass of an equal volume of pure water at the same or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
different temperature. Both reference temperatures shall be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
explicitly stated.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Common reference temperatures in-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
clude 60/60°F, 20/20°C, 20/4°C. The historic deprecated term
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
“specific gravity” may still be found.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.3 thermohydrometer, n—a glass hydrometer with a
self-contained mercury thermometer.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D 1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
4. Summary of Test Method
D 1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
2 4.1 The apparatus is purged with a portion of the sample
Gases (Manual Method)
3 before filling with the portion to be used for testing. The
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
3 pressure cylinder is filled to a level at which the enclosed
E 100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
hydrometer floats freely, and the cylinder is then placed in a
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
constant-temperature bath. When the temperature has reached
equilibrium, the hydrometer reading and the temperature of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on sample are noted.
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand the API Committee on Petroleum Measure-
ment, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02/COMQ, the joint
5. Significance and Use
ASTM-API Committee on Static Petroleum Measurement.
5.1 Thedensityorrelativedensityoflighthydrocarbonsand
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originally
approved in 1939. Discontinued July 1998, approved in 2002, and reinstated as
liquefied petroleum gases is used in custody transfer quantity
D 1657–02.
calculations or to satisfy transportation, storage, and regulatory
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3 requirements.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1657–02
6. Apparatus 7. Reference Liquids
7.1 The following reference liquids are required for stan-
6.1 Hydrometers, graduated in density with a range from
3
dardization of the hydrometer:
500 to 650 kg/m , or in relative density with a range from
7.1.1 Propane, pure grade, having a nominal density of
0.500 to 0.650, and conforming to the dimensions in Specifi-
3
507.6 kg/m at 15°C or a relative density 60/60°F of 0.50699.
cation E 100.
(Warning—Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors
6.1.1 Thermohydrometers, for field applications, thermohy-
may cause flash fire.) The density of the reference liquid used
drometers may be more convenient than hydrometers with
shall be known.
separate thermometers. They shall conform to Specification
7.
...

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1.1 This test method3 covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:  
1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D86) under 327 °C (626 °F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:    
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Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
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ASTM D7213-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of light and medium petroleum distillate fractions provides an insight into the composition of feed stocks and products related to petroleum refining process, This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 This test method extends the scope of boiling range determination by gas chromatography to include light and medium petroleum distillate fractions beyond the scope of Test Method D2887 (538 °C) and below Test Method D6352 (700 °C).  
5.3 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are theoretically equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.
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5.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
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1.1 This practice covers the establishment and maintenance of the essentials of a quality management system in laboratories engaged in the analysis of petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice D6299.
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5.1 The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the color of refined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.  
Note 1: For determining the color of petroleum products darker than Saybolt Color − 16, see Test Method D1500.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
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ASTM D7152-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
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ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
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1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
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