ASTM E2886/E2886M-20

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and Direct Flame Impingement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of exterior vents that mount vertically or horizontally to resist the entry of embers and flame penetration through the vent.
Note 3: A comparison study between the vertical air flow apparatus and a horizontal air flow apparatus, developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has been conducted. A summary of the results of that comparison study are presented in Section X1.3 of the Appendix.  
5.2 Flame Intrusion Test—Refer to the Significant and Use Section in Test Method E2912 for information related to the direct flame impingement on the vent.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard prescribes two individual methods to evaluate the ability of a gable end, crawl space (foundation) and other vents that mount on a vertical wall or in the under-eave area to resist the entry through the vent opening of embers and flame. The ability of such vents to completely exclude entry of flames or embers is not evaluated. Roof ridge and off-ridge (field) vents are excluded from this standard. Acceptance criteria are not provided in this standard.
Note 1: Test Method E2912 records information relevant to evaluate completely excluding the entry of flames through the venting device.  
1.2 Ember entry and flame penetration are evaluated separately using different test procedures. A commentary and summary of the development of the ember test apparatus are given in Appendix X1.  
1.3 These laboratory tests are used to evaluate the response of vents when subjected to ember and flame exposures under controlled conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 Unless otherwise specified, the tolerance for dimensions in figures and text in this document shall be ±5 %.  
1.6 This test method does not address interior fire spread.  
1.7 The standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessments of the materials, products or assemblies and other cladding materials under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2020
• ICS: 13.220.99 - Other standards related to protection against fire
• ICS: 91.140.30 - Ventilation and air-conditioning systems
• Technical Committee: E05 - Fire Standards
• Drafting Committee: E05.14 - External Fire Exposures

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E176-24 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E108-20a - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM E108-20 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1929-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM E176-18a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM E176-18 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E108-17 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM E108-16 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016
• Refers: ASTM E108-16e1 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1929-16 - Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM E2257-16 - Standard Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2016
• Refers: ASTM E176-15ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1929-14 - Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2014

Overview

ASTM E2886/E2886M-20 is a widely recognized standard test method developed by ASTM International. It provides procedures for assessing the fire performance of exterior vents by evaluating their ability to resist the entry of embers and penetration from direct flame exposure. This test is particularly significant for vents mounted on vertical walls, under-eave locations, gable ends, and crawl spaces-areas typically susceptible to wildfire exposure. The standard outlines laboratory test methods under controlled conditions but does not provide acceptance criteria or cover roof ridge or off-ridge vents.

Key Topics

• Ember Intrusion Testing: This part of the method evaluates how well a vent resists the passage of embers, which are a leading cause of ignition in wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires.
• Flame Penetration Assessment: Separate procedures test how vents withstand direct flame impingement, using controlled burner exposure as described in referenced ASTM standards.
• Controlled Laboratory Environment: The standard establishes repeatable and standardized conditions to measure vent performance and ensures consistent comparison across different vent designs.
• Separate Evaluation for Embers and Flames: Ember entry and flame penetration are tested independently to simulate realistic wildfire exposures.
• Scope Limitations: The standard does not address interior fire spread or provide all factors necessary for complete fire hazard or risk assessments in real-world conditions.
• Safety and Compliance: The document emphasizes adherence to safety practices and recognizes the inherent hazards of fire testing.

Applications

The practical value of ASTM E2886/E2886M-20 is most apparent in wildfire-prone regions where ember and flame intrusion through vents can lead to building loss. Key application benefits include:

• Building Codes and Wildfire Protection: Authorities can use the results from this test method to guide the selection of vents that enhance building resilience against wildfire exposure, especially in compliance with regulations like California's Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) codes.
• Product Development: Manufacturers of exterior vents leverage this standard to design, test, and document the fire resistance of new or existing vent products for use in vulnerable structures.
• Third-Party Evaluation: Testing laboratories employ these methods to provide objective, standardized assessments for architects, builders, and regulatory agencies.
• Insurance Risk Assessment: Insurance providers may consider test results when evaluating a building's risk profile and determining coverage for structures located in wildfire-prone zones.
• Retrofitting Existing Buildings: Specifiers and building owners seeking to upgrade fire safety can use this standard to vet vent products or assemblies for retrofitting at-risk properties.

Related Standards

For comprehensive evaluation and compliance, ASTM E2886/E2886M-20 references several important related standards:

• ASTM E108 - Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings: Provides context for classifying materials such as the "Class C brands" used in ember generation.
• ASTM E2912 - Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical Fire Dampers Used in Vented Construction: Supplies key procedures and apparatus requirements for flame impingement assessments.
• ASTM E176 - Terminology of Fire Standards: Offers definitions for consistent communication and reporting across fire safety standards.
• ASTM E2257 - Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and Assemblies: Reference for fire exposure methodologies.
• ASTM E2707 - Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies: Relevant for builders and code officials focusing on fire resistance of wall assemblies.

Conclusion

Adopting ASTM E2886/E2886M-20 enables stakeholders across construction, fire safety, building product manufacturing, and regulatory sectors to make informed decisions regarding vent fire performance. By standardizing ember and flame exposure tests, this standard supports the development of safer buildings, particularly where wildfire risk is a concern. For comprehensive fire protection strategies, it should be used in conjunction with related standards and in line with local building regulations and best practices.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2886/E2886M − 20 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry
of Embers and Direct Flame Impingement
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2886/E2886M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This fire-test-response standard prescribes two indi-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
vidual methods to evaluate the ability of a gable end, crawl
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
space (foundation) and other vents that mount on a vertical
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
wall or in the under-eave area to resist the entry through the
conducting these tests.
vent opening of embers and flame.The ability of such vents to
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
completely exclude entry of flames or embers is not evaluated.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Roof ridge and off-ridge (field) vents are excluded from this
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
standard.Acceptance criteria are not provided in this standard.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—Test Method E2912 records information relevant to evaluate
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
completely excluding the entry of flames through the venting device.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 Ember entry and flame penetration are evaluated sepa-
rately using different test procedures. A commentary and
2. Referenced Documents
summary of the development of the ember test apparatus are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
given in Appendix X1.
D1929Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature
1.3 These laboratory tests are used to evaluate the response
of Plastics
of vents when subjected to ember and flame exposures under
E108Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
controlled conditions.
E176Terminology of Fire Standards
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units E2257Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Materials and Assemblies
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
E2707Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be Exterior WallAssemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-
used independently of the other, and values from the two
ment Exposure
systems shall not be combined. E2912Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical Fire
Dampers Used in Vented Construction
1.5 Unlessotherwisespecified,thetolerancefordimensions
2.2 California Standards Code:
in figures and text in this document shall be 65%.
SFM 12-7A-1,Exterior Wall Siding and Sheathing, Califor-
1.6 This test method does not address interior fire spread.
nia Office of the State Fire Marshal, Sacramento, CA
1.7 The standard is used to measure and describe the
SFM 12-7A-3,Under Eave, California Office of the State
responseofmaterials,productsorassembliestoheatandflame
Fire Marshal, Sacramento, CA
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
3. Terminology
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessments of
the materials, products or assemblies and other cladding
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
materials under actual fire conditions.
method refer to Terminology E176, Test Method E108, and
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Test Method E2912.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External Fire For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Exposures. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published August 2020. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2886/E2886M-14. the ASTM website.
DOI: 10.1520/E2886_E2886M-20. https://up.codes/viewer/california/ca-referenced-standards-code-2016
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2886/E2886M − 20
3.2.1 ember, n—small burning or glowing pieces of vegeta- 5. Significance and Use
tion or other cellulosic-based material.
5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of exterior vents
3.2.2 flaming combustion, n—ignition of combustible mate- that mount vertically or horizontally to resist the entry of
rial that results in flaming combustion.
embers and flame penetration through the vent.
NOTE 3—A comparison study between the vertical air flow apparatus
3.2.3 smoldering combustion, n—ignition of combustible
and a horizontal air flow apparatus, developed at the National Institute of
material where a transition to flaming combustion does not
StandardsandTechnology(NIST),hasbeenconducted.Asummaryofthe
occur but a charred area indicating locations where embers
results of that comparison study are presented in Section X1.3 of the
landed can be observed. Appendix.
3.2.4 sustained flaming, n—existence of flame on or over 5.2 Flame Intrusion Test—Refer to the Significant and Use
Section in Test Method E2912 for information related to the
the surface of the vent for continuous periods of at least 4 s.
direct flame impingement on the vent.
3.2.5 unexposed side, n—the face of the vent not directly
exposed to the fire in the Flame Intrusion Test.
6. Apparatus
3.2.6 vent, n—a device or assembly placed in an exterior
6.1 Apparatus for the Ember Intrusion Test:
opening of a building (located in an eave, gable, wall, or
6.1.1 Diagrams of the ember intrusion apparatus are shown
foundation) that allows for aeration (free exchange of air).
in Figs. 1-5. The apparatus consists of an ember generation
chamber, a gas burner, a drive unit with controls, a flame
4. Summary of Test Method
chamber, a test cabinet and an exhaust fan.
6.1.2 Ember Generation Chamber (Circular Tumbler):
4.1 This test method contains two procedures to assess the
6.1.2.1 Thecirculartumblershallbefabricatedfrom13mm
ability of the vent to limit the entry of embers and flame
[0.5 in.] by 1.5 mm [0.059 in.] flattened expanded metal
penetration.
wrapped around four 6 mm [0.25 in.] diameter bracing rods
4.2 Ember Intrusion Test—This test method provides for a
that are equally spaced around the perimeter and connected on
direct ember exposure to vents. The apparatus allows for
each end to 203 mm [8 in.] diameter, 8 mm [0.3125 in.] thick
embers to fall vertically and impinge on the vent mounted
steel end disc plates. The end disc plates shall be 457 mm [18
horizontally on ledges within the test chamber. An induction
in.]apart,formingacylinderthatis203mm[8in.]indiameter
fan located at the bottom of the apparatus pulls the air stream
and 457 mm [18 in.] in length.
through the vent, allowing any embers that pass through the
6.1.2.2 The circular tumbler shall have a hinged door also
vent to impinge on a combustible target material.
made of the 13 mm [0.5 in.] by 1.5 mm [0.059 in.] flattened
4.2.1 Observations are made for the occurrence of flaming
expanded steel, approximately 140 mm by 89 mm [5.5 in. by
combustion of the combustible target material during the time
3.5in.]archedtomatchthecurveofthetumblerandlocatedin
that embers are being generated and passing through the vent.
the center of the tumbler between one end plate and the other.
4.2.2 This test method utilizes a vertical air flow apparatus
Theorientationoftheaccessdoorshallbesuchthatthe89mm
for the ember test.
[3.5 in.] dimension is measured along the circumference of the
4.3 Flame Intrusion Test—This test method provides for the cylinder. The hinges of the access door shall be located along
evaluation of direct flame impingement on a vent mounted in
the 140 mm [5.5 in.] dimension of the door.
a test assembly described in Test Method E2912. 6.1.2.3 A25.4mm(+0mm/–0.1mm)[1in.(+0in./–0.004
4.3.1 Theflamesourceisdirectedintothetestassemblyand in.)] diameter cold rolled steel bar shall be connected to the
directlyimpingestheventthatismountedineitheraverticalor center of each of the 203 mm [8 in.] round plates of the
horizontal position as described in Test Method E2912. tumbler. These bars shall act as an axle. Each bar shall be 76
mm [3 in.] in length and shall be welded on one end to the
4.3.2 This test method employs a gas burner described in
Test Method E2912 to produce flames that contact the vent. outside centers of each plate. The centerline of the bars shall
match the centerline of the tumbler. Both bars shall pass
4.3.3 Thefuelflowratefromtheburnershallproduceaheat
release rate of 300 6 10 kW as described in Test Method through their respective 25.4 mm (+0.1 mm / –0 mm) [1 in.(+
0.004 in. / –0 in.)] (inside diameter) bearing pillow block
E2912.
which shall be mounted to the frame with two 6 mm, 10
4.3.4 This test method includes an Integrity Test as de-
threadspercm[M6×1]by32mmlength[0.25in.–20by1.25
scribed in Test Method E2912 to ascertain the presence of
in.] machine bolts each. The bearings shall be located 13 mm
sustained flaming. The Integrity Test includes the following:
[0.5 in.] from the 203 mm [8 in.] round end plates.A20-tooth
NOTE 2—Integrity is defined in Test Method E2912.
ISO 08B roller chain sprocket with 25.4 mm [+0.1 mm / –0
4.3.4.1 Visual observations are made for the presence and
mm] inside bore diameter [20-tooth by ANSI #40 roller chain
duration of any flame penetration through the vent.
sprocketwith1-in.insidediameter]shallbeaffixedontheaxle
4.3.4.2 An Ignition Test Procedure as described in Test
shaft on the side of the drive assembly.
Method E2912 is used to ascertain flaming combustion. 6.1.2.4 While in operation, the tumbler shall be shielded
4.3.5 This test method includes an Insulation Test as de- with a hinged hood. The hood shall be a two piece clam shell
scribed in Test Method E2912. The Insulation Test includes style that overlaps at the top by 25 mm [1 in.]. The hood shall
surface thermocouples to measure the temperature on the be formed using 0.8 mm [0.031 in.] sheet metal with 19 mm
unexposed side of the vent. [0.75in.]wideflatbarreinforcingattheperimeter.Theflatbar
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 1 Ember Apparatus, Front View
stock shall be attached to the sheet metal hood with pop rivets. ISO08B(4020)BS22.2mm[0.875in.]gearboxsprocketand
When closed the hood shall be arched to have a diameter of ISO 08B (4020 BS 25 mm [1 in.]) sprocket. The drive chain
254mm[10in.].Eachofthetwopiecesthatmakeupthehood shall be guarded with sheet metal or expanded steel for
shall be 495 mm [19.5 in.] wide. operational safety.
6.1.3 Thedriveunitshallconsistofamotor,gearbox,chain 6.1.3.4 When activated, the circular tumbler shall rotate at
and sprockets and controls. 30 rev/min.
6.1.3.1 The motor shall be a ⁄4 HP National Electrical 6.1.4 Thecontrolsshallhavethreeswitches:oneforthefan,
ManufacturersAssociation (NEMA) 56C C-face mount single one for the drive motor, and one for the fan and drive motor
phase AC motor, 1725 rpm, and shall be mounted to a metal together.
cantilevered shelf.The metal shelf shall be made froma5mm 6.1.5 The flame chamber shall be centered directly below
[0.1875in.]plate,305mm[12in.]wideand184mm[7.25in.] the tumbler. The flame chamber shall be constructed with a
deep with metal knee braces tack welded to the left side of the framework of 19 by 19 mm [0.75 by 0.75 in.] steel angle and
flame chamber. skinnedwith2mm[0.078in.]sheetmetalpanelsonfoursides.
6.1.3.2 The gear box shall be a 0.35 HP maximum, NEMA The top and bottom of the box shall be open to allow the
56C C-face input, left hand output by 22.2 mm [0.875 in.] embers to flow through. The chamber shall be 228 mm [9 in.]
round shaft, 60:1 ratio and shall be mounted to the same shelf deep, 508 mm [20 in.] wide and 254 mm [10 in.] tall.
as the motor. 6.1.5.1 The burner shall consist of a 13 mm [0.5 in.] round
6.1.3.3 The drive chain and sprockets shall be International black iron gas pipe with fifteen 2.4 mm [0.09375 in.] round
Organization for Standardization (ISO) 08B (#40) roller chain, holesequallyspacedat19mm[0.75in.]inastraightpipe.The
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 2 Ember Apparatus, Rear View
pipe shall run horizontally, parallel with the tumbler. The mm[1.25by1.25in.]angleironandskinnedwith2mm[0.078
distance between the bottom of the tumbler and the center of in.] sheet metal panels.
thegaspipeshallbe57mm[2.25in.].Thefirstholeinthepipe 6.1.6.2 The front side of the test cabinet shall consist of a
shallbelocated95mm[3.75in.]fromtheleftwalloftheflame left-hinged2mm[0.078in.]doorwithaglazedtempered-glass
chamber. The last hole shall be located 362 mm [14.25 in.] viewwindow,andtwolatchesontherightsidetoholdthedoor
from the left wall of the flame chamber. securely closed during testing. The door shall be framed out
6.1.5.2 The burner pipe shall be connected to the left and with 32 by 32 mm [1.25 by 1.25 in.] by 3 mm [0.125 in.] thick
right side of the flame chamber, exiting on the left where it angle iron or equivalent material.
shall be attached to a gas supply line with ball valve. 6.1.6.3 The view window shall be 229 mm [9 in.] wide and
6.1.6 Test Cabinet: 254 mm [10 in.] high. The window shall be centered left-to-
6.1.6.1 Thetestcabinetshallbearectangularsteelbox,381 rightandthetopofthewindowshallbe25mm[1in.]fromthe
mm [15 in.] deep, 610 mm [24 in.] wide and 711 mm [28 in.] top of the door it is mounted in.
tall.Itshallbecenteredbelowtheflamechamberandshallrest 6.1.7 Two shelves shall be mounted inside the test chamber.
on four casters or legs that are 95 mm [3.75 in.] tall. The test 6.1.7.1 Upper Shelf:
cabinet shall have an opening in the top, through to the flame (1)The upper shelf shall serve as a platform for the vent
chamber, which is 190 mm [7.5 in.] deep and 457 mm [18 in.] and shall be located 203 mm [8 in.] from the top of the
wide positioned so that it is centered from left-to-right and chamber.
from front-to-back in the top of the test cabinet. The test 6.1.7.2 The upper shelf shall have a ledge on four sides
cabinet shall have an interior framework of welded 32 by 32 made of 25 mm by 25 mm [1 in. by 1 in.] by 3 mm [0.125 in.]
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 3 Ember Apparatus, Section A-A, Side View
steel angle welded to the interior cabinet walls. A piece of side of the door. These baffles shall be located between the
gypsum board, nominal 13 mm [0.5 in.] thick, shall be cut to upper and lower shelf.
size to fit on top of the angle iron frame. The gypsum board 6.1.9.1 The baffles are designed to funnel test embers away
shall be cut appropriately to center the vent under the tumbler. from the edge of the combustible target media without result-
The edges between the vent and gypsum board shall be sealed. ing in an accumulation of embers along the outside edge.
6.1.7.3 Thegypsumboardsectionshallbescoredinthe305 6.1.9.2 The baffles shall be fabricated from 76 mm [3 in.]
mm [12 in.] depth direction, approximately 13 mm [0.5 in.] strips of 1 mm [0.051 in.] sheet metal that is tack welded or
fromtheedge,toallowforfoldingofthesection,andfacilitate bolted to the interior cabinet walls and door.
insertion and removal of the vent in the apparatus. 6.1.9.3 The baffles shall have a 19 mm [0.75 in.] tab as an
6.1.8 Lower Shelf: attachment point and bent to angle inward at 45 degrees from
6.1.8.1 The lower shelf shall be located 406 mm [16 in.] another 57 mm [2.25 in.].
from the top of the chamber. The shelf shall have a ledge on 6.1.10 There shall be a 102 mm [4 in.] round hole in the
four sides made of 25 by 25 mm [1 by 1 in.] by 3 mm [0.125 backwallofthecabinet,centeredfromside-to-sideandlocated
in.] thick steel angle welded to the interior cabinet walls. A 89 mm [3.5 in.] from the bottom of the cabinet.The steel edge
piece of 13 mm [0.5 in.] by 1.5 mm [0.059 in.] flattened around the hole shall be used to attach a metal collar.
expanded metal screen shall rest on the ledge of the angle iron 6.1.10.1 A 915 mm [3 ft] section of sheet metal ducting
and be tack welded to it. shall be attached to the outlet collar at one end and to the
6.1.8.2 The lower shelf shall be used to support the com- exhaust fan at the other end.
bustible test media that will be used to evaluate vent perfor- 6.1.10.2 The exhaust fan shall be a 30LS, 115 VAC, 60 Hz,
mance. 81 W, 0.7 A thermally-protected [maximum temperature
6.1.9 Thetestcabinetshallhavesheetmetalbaffledeflectors 140°F] fan. The fan shall be used to draw air through the
attached on all four interior cabinet walls, including the back apparatus.
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 4 Ember Apparatus, Internal Baffle Deflector Detail
MethodE2257.Thedistancebetweenthetestspecimenandthefiresource
6.1.10.3 The fan shall have variable speed control adjust-
(gas burner) was set to address variables typically seen in building
ment and the control shall be adjusted such that witha6mm
occupationthatcontributetosuddendirectflaming.Twoofmanypossible
[0.25in.]screenmeshwith0.64mm[0.025in.]wire,covering
examples are: (1) Exterior vents located near storage areas where
the entire upper shelf, and the prescribed expanded steel
combustibles are stacked such as wood piles, (2) Exterior vents in contact
covering the lower shelf, the wind velocity shall have an
withlandscaping(vegetationorforestation,orboth).Inmanycases,these
average speed of 0.9 m/s [2.0 mph]. combustiblesarejustinchesfromthevent,whichisopentoallowairflow,
and are subject to a sudden direct flame impingement.
(1)Velocity shall be measured 38 mm [1.5 in.] above the
upper shelf.
6.2.2 Test Assembly—Refer to theApparatus Section inTest
6.1.11 Threethermocouples(TypeK,18B&Sgauge(1mm
Method E2912 for the test bench (as shown in Figs. 2-9,
[0.04 in.])) shall be positioned at a height of 25 mm [1 in.]
inclusive, in Test Method E2912).
directly over and along the center line of the width of the vent.
6.2.3 Cotton Pads and Applicator Frame—Refer to the
Onethermocoupleshallbeplacedabovethecenterofthevent.
ApparatusSectionandtheAnnexinTestMethodE2912forthe
Theremainingtwothermocouplesshallbeplacedoneachside
type of cotton pads and applicator frame (as shown in Figs.
of the center thermocouple at distance halfway between the
A1.1 and A1.2 in Test Method E2912).
center thermocouple and the outer edge of the vent. Tempera-
6.2.4 Unexposed Surface Thermocouples—Refer to theAp-
ture readings shall be taken at 1-s intervals over the entire
paratus Section in Test Method E2912 for the type of unex-
length of the test.
posed surface thermocouples.
6.2 Apparatus for the Flame Intrusion Test:
6.2.5 Thermocouple Pads—Refer to the Apparatus Section
6.2.1 Fire Source—RefertotheApparatusSectionand“Fig.
in Test Method E2912 for the type of thermocouples pads.
1GasBurnerExposureFireSource”inTestMethodE2912for
the burner and fuel source needed to produce the fire source 6.2.6 Other Detection and Observation Devices—A video
and conduct the Flame Intrusion Test on the vent. camera is permitted to document the presence and duration of
any flame penetration through the vent. When desired, refer to
NOTE 4—The burner and its output were selected to produce a sudden
theApparatus Section in Test Method E2912 for other thermal
directflameimpingementonthetestspecimenthatisconstant.Theburner
configuration and its output were based upon those prescribed in Test detection devices that are permitted.
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 5 Baffle Deflector Detail, Section 1
NOTE 5—The maximum sized vent that the test chamber will accom-
6.2.7 Time Measurement—RefertotheApparatusSectionin
modate is 330 by 533 mm [13 by 21 in.].
Test Method E2912 for the type of time measurement devices.
7.2.2 Test Specimen Installation—Documenttheinstallation
7. Test Specimen
of the vent and all materials used.
7.1 Thetestspecimenisthevent.Thetestspecimenshallbe
7.3 Flame Intrusion Test:
representative of the vent as used in practice. Document a
7.3.1 Test Specimen Splices—Refer to and follow the Test
detailed description of the vent with respect to materials,
Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test
components, workmanship, and details.The same model num-
Method E2912 related to splices.
ber (type) of vent shall be used in both the Ember Intrusion
Test and Flame Intrusion Test. 7.3.2 Test Specimen Size—Refer to and follow the Test
Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test
7.2 Ember Intrusion Test:
Method E2912 related to size.
7.2.1 Test Specimen Size—Some vents are larger than what
7.3.3 Test Specimen Installation—Refer to and follow the
thetestapparatuswillaccommodate.Whennecessary,thevent
TestSpecimenandTestAssemblySectionrequirementsinTest
shallbereducedinlengthorwidthwhilemaintainingthesame
Method E2912 related to installation.
design features in order to fit into the ember test apparatus.
Document the dimensions of the test specimen tested. Photo- 7.3.4 Horizontal Test Specimens—Refer to and follow the
TestSpecimenandTestAssemblySectionrequirementsinTest
graph the vent used in the Ember Intrusion Test.
E2886/E2886M − 20
Method E2912 related to horizontal test specimens (as shown 9.1.3 Insert a 305 by 457 mm [12 by 18 in.] piece of 100 %
in Figs. 10, 11 and 12 in Test Method E2912). cotton material into a 305 by 457 mm [12 in. by 18 in.]
7.3.5 Vertical Test Specimens—Refer to and follow the Test open-bottom tray centered on the flattened expanded metal
Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test screen on the lower shelf.
Method E2912 related to vertical test specimens (as shown in
NOTE7—Theopen-bottomtraycanbefabricatedusing38mm[1.5in.]
Figs. 13, 14 and 15 in Test Method E2912).
sheet metal angle flashing material, cut and bent at the corners, and
fastened with aluminum tape. Use of the tray facilitates consistent
8. Specification, Conditioning, and Preparation
placement of the cotton in the test apparatus.
9.1.4 Loadten22mm[0.875in.]steelnutsintothetumbler.
8.1 Ember Intrusion Test:
8.1.1 Ember Raw Material: Close and latch the tumbler door.
9.1.5 Start recording temperatures of the three thermo-
8.1.1.1 Standard Class C brands, as described in Test
Methods E108 (Section 10.3.3) shall be used as the starting couples.Continuerecordingtemperatureeveryseconduntilthe
test is concluded.
materials for generating embers.
8.1.1.2 Prior to the test, the Class C brands shall be 9.1.6 Ignite the gas burner and direct the flame such that it
extends approximately 50 mm [2 in.] into the tumbler, and
conditioned in an oven maintained at 40 to 49°C [105 to
120°F] for a minimum of 24 h. impinges on all Class C brands. The flame contact exposure
shall last for 3 min.
8.1.2 Combustible Target Material:
8.1.2.1 A 305 by 457 mm [12 by 18 in.] section of 100 %
NOTE 8—A nominal propane gas flow delivery rate of 5 L/min is
cotton shall be used as the combustible target material.
sufficient to accomplish appropriate flame impingement on the brands.
8.1.2.2 Thethicknessofthecottonmaterialshallbenotless
9.1.7 The test cabinet door shall remain open during the
than 10 mm [0.4 in.] and not greater than 20 mm [0.8 in.].The
3-min ignition period of the Class C brands.
thickness shall be measured after placing a rigid, uniformly-
9.1.8 Attheendofthe3-minignitionperiodfortheClassC
loaded board, having the same dimensions as the cotton batt,
brands:
ontopofthecotton.Thetotalweightoftherigidboardandany
9.1.8.1 Turn off the gas burner.
additional loading shall be 910 6 10 g.
9.1.8.2 Close the door to the test cabinet.
8.1.2.3 The cotton shall be new and consist of soft cotton
9.1.8.3 Close the solid metal hood to cover the tumbler.
fibers.Thedensityofthecottonmaterial,onanoven-drybasis,
9.1.8.4 Turn on the tumbler.
shall be between 20 and 25 kg/m .
9.1.8.5 Turn on the exhaust fan.
8.1.2.4 Prior to the test, the 100 % cotton material shall be
9.1.8.6 Runthetumbleruntilitisdevoidofallportions(that
conditioned in an oven maintained at 105 6 5°C [220 6 9°F]
is, the embers) generated by the tumbling Class C brands.
for a minimum of 4 h.
8.1.2.5 The conditioned cotton shall be used in the test
NOTE 9—The ember exposure time resulting from the tumbled Class C
brands should be approximately 3 min (see Appendix X1.4).
within 15 min after removal from the heated oven.
9.1.8.7 Observation and notes shall be made regarding
NOTE 6—There are a number of suppliers of 100 % roll cotton and
ignition of cotton material. The time at which flaming ignition
manyofthesearesoldinnominal12in.widths.Thetotallengthoftheroll
varies,butisusuallysufficienttoobtainseventoninecut-to-lengthpieces.
occurs shall be noted.
(1)If flaming ignition does not occur, the cotton material
8.2 Flame Intrusion Test:
shall be examined at the conclusion of the test. Locations
8.2.1 Preparation of Apparatus—Refer to and follow the
where embers landed, as evidenced by a carbonaceous char
Preparation ofApparatus Section requirements in Test Method
area associated with smoldering combustion, shall be noted.
E2912 related to the Fire Test Apparatus and Unexposed
9.1.8.8 Tests shall be run in triplicate, with each test using a
Surface Thermocouple Placement.
different sample of the vent product being tested.
8.2.2 Test Assembly Conditioning—Thefollowingcombina-
9.1.8.9 Sufficient time shall be allowed in between tests to
tion creates the test assembly for the Flame IntrusionTest.The
permit the apparatus to return to ambient temperatures before
test specimen (vent) is installed into a non-combustible frame
beginning a subsequent test.
with an opening representing the vented construction such as
aneave,gable,wall,orfoundation.RefertoandfollowtheTest
9.2 Flame Intrusion Test:
Assembly Conditioning Section requirements in Test Method
9.2.1 Refer to and follow the Test Procedure Section re-
E2912 related to the test assembly.
quirements in Test Method E2912 related to conducting the
Flame Intrusion Test (as shown in Figs. 16-23, inclusive, in
9. Test Procedure
Test Method E2912).
9.1 Ember Intrusion Test: 9.2.1.1 Refer to and follow the Integrity Section require-
9.1.1 Insert test vent into the precut slot in the upper ments in Test Method E2912. Employ the Ignition Test
horizontal shelf in test cabinet of the apparatus. The vent shall Procedure in the Annex of Test Method E2912 a minimum of
be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. three times during the 10-min Flame Intrusion Test. At a
Photograph installation of the vent and installed condition
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2886/E2886M − 14 E2886/E2886M − 20 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry
of Embers and Direct Flame Impingement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2886/E2886M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This fire-test-response standard prescribes two individual methods to evaluate the ability of a gable end, crawl space
(foundation) and other vents that mount on a vertical wall or in the under-eave area to resist the entry through the vent opening
of embers and flame. The ability of such vents to completely exclude entry of flames or embers is not evaluated. Roof ridge and
off-ridge (field) vents are excluded from this standard. Acceptance criteria are not provided in this standard.
NOTE 1—Test Method E2912 records information relevant to evaluate completely excluding the entry of flames through the venting device.
1.2 Ember entry and flame penetration are evaluated separately using different test procedures. A commentary and summary of
the development of the ember test apparatus are given in Appendix X1.
1.3 These laboratory tests are used to evaluate the response of vents when subjected to ember and flame exposures under
controlled conditions.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems has the potential to result in non-conformance with
the standard.shall not be combined.
1.5 Unless otherwise specified, the tolerance for dimensions in figures and text in this document shall be 65 %.
1.6 This test method does not address interior fire spread.
1.7 The standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessments of the materials,
products or assemblies and other cladding materials under actual fire conditions.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these
tests.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
E108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and Assemblies
E2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure
E2912 Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical Fire Dampers Used in Vented Construction
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External Fire Exposures.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014July 1, 2020. Published June 2014August 2020. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
E2886/E2886M-14. DOI: 10.1520/E2886_E2886M-14.10.1520/E2886_E2886M-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2886/E2886M − 20
2.2 Other Documents:California Standards Code:
SFM 12-7A-1, Exterior Wall Siding and Sheathing, California Office of the State Fire Marshal, Sacramento, CA
SFM 12-7A-3, Under Eave, California Office of the State Fire Marshal, Sacramento, CA
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method refer to Terminology E176, Test Method E108, and Test
Method E2912.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 ember, n—small burning or glowing pieces of vegetation or other cellulosic-based material.
3.2.2 flaming combustion, n—ignition of combustible material that results in flaming combustion.
3.2.3 smoldering combustion, n—ignition of combustible material where a transition to flaming combustion does not occur but
a charred area indicating locations where embers landed can be observed.
3.2.4 sustained flaming, n—existence of flame on or over the surface of the vent for continuous periods of at least 4 s.
3.2.5 unexposed side, n—the face of the vent not directly exposed to the fire in the Flame Intrusion Test.
3.2.6 vent, n—a device or assembly placed in an exterior opening of a building (located in an eave, gable, wall, or foundation)
that allows for aeration (free exchange of air).
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method contains two procedures to assess the ability of the vent to limit the entry of embers and flame penetration.
4.2 Ember Intrusion Test—This test method provides for a direct ember exposure to vents. The apparatus allows for embers to
fall vertically and impinge on the vent mounted horizontally on ledges within the test chamber. An induction fan located at the
bottom of the apparatus pulls the air stream through the vent, allowing any embers that pass through the vent to impinge on a
combustible target material.
4.2.1 Observations are made for the occurrence of flaming combustion of the combustible target material during the time that
embers are being generated and passing through the vent.
4.2.2 This test method utilizes a vertical air flow apparatus for the ember test.
4.3 Flame Intrusion Test—This test method provides for the evaluation of direct flame impingement on a vent mounted in a test
assembly described in Test Method E2912.
4.3.1 The flame source is directed into the test assembly and directly impinges the vent that is mounted in either a vertical or
horizontal position as described in Test Method E2912.
4.3.2 This test method employs a gas burner described in Test Method E2912 to produce flames that contact the vent.
4.3.3 The fuel flow rate from the burner shall produce a heat release rate of 300 6 10 kW as described in Test Method E2912.
4.3.4 This test method includes an Integrity Test as described in Test Method E2912 to ascertain the presence of sustained
flaming. The Integrity Test includes the following:
NOTE 2—Integrity is defined in Test Method E2912.
4.3.4.1 Visual observations are made for the presence and duration of any flame penetration through the vent.
4.3.4.2 An Ignition Test Procedure as described in Test Method E2912 is used to ascertain flaming combustion.
4.3.5 This test method includes an optional Insulation Test as described in Test Method E2912. The optional Insulation Test
includes surface thermocouples to measure the temperature on the unexposed side of the vent.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of exterior vents that mount vertically or horizontally to resist the entry of embers and
flame penetration through the vent.
NOTE 3—A comparison study between the vertical air flow apparatus and a horizontal air flow apparatus, developed at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), has been conducted. A summary of the results of that comparison study are presented in Section X1.3 of the Appendix.
5.2 Flame Intrusion Test—Refer to the Significant and Use Section in Test Method E2912 for information related to the direct
flame impingement on the vent.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Apparatus for the Ember Intrusion Test:
6.1.1 Diagrams of the ember intrusion apparatus are shown in Figs. 1-5. The apparatus consists of an ember generation chamber,
a gas burner, a drive unit with controls, a flame chamber, a test cabinet and an exhaust fan.
Available from: http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/codedevelopment/wildfireprotectionbuildingconstruction.phphttps://up.codes/
viewer/california/ca-referenced-standards-code-2016
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 1 Ember Apparatus, Front View
6.1.2 Ember Generation Chamber (Circular Tumbler):
6.1.2.1 The circular tumbler shall be fabricated from 13 mm [0.5 in.] by 1.5 mm [0.059 in.] flattened expanded metal wrapped
around four 6 mm [0.25 in.] diameter bracing rods that are equally spaced around the perimeter and connected on each end to 203
mm [8 in.] diameter, 8 mm [0.3125 in.] thick steel end disc plates. The end disc plates shall be 457 mm [18 in.] apart, forming
a cylinder that is 203 mm [8 in.] in diameter and 457 mm [18 in.] in length.
6.1.2.2 The circular tumbler shall have a hinged door also made of the 13 mm [0.5 in.] by 1.5 mm [0.059 in.] flattened expanded
steel, approximately 140 mm by 89 mm [5.5 in. by 3.5 in.] arched to match the curve of the tumbler and located in the center of
the tumbler between one end plate and the other. The orientation of the access door shall be such that the 89 mm [3.5 in.] dimension
is measured along the circumference of the cylinder. The hinges of the access door shall be located along the 140 mm [5.5 in.]
dimension of the door.
6.1.2.3 A 25.4 mm (+0 mm / –0.1 mm) [1 in. (+0 in./ –0.004 in.)] diameter cold rolled steel bar shall be connected to the center
of each of the 203 mm [8 in.] round plates of the tumbler. These bars shall act as an axle. Each bar shall be 76 mm [3 in.] in length
and shall be welded on one end to the outside centers of each plate. The centerline of the bars shall match the centerline of the
tumbler. Both bars shall pass through their respective 25.4 mm (+0.1 mm / –0 mm) [1 in.(+ 0.004 in. / –0 in.)] (inside diameter)
bearing pillow block which shall be mounted to the frame with two 6 mm, 10 threads per cm [M6×1] by 32 mm length [0.25 in.
– 20 by 1.25 in.] machine bolts each. The bearings shall be located 13 mm [0.5 in.] from the 203 mm [8 in.] round end plates.
A 20-tooth ISO 08B roller chain sprocket with 25.4 mm [+0.1 mm / –0 mm] inside bore diameter [20-tooth by ANSI #40 roller
chain sprocket with 1-in. inside diameter] shall be affixed on the axle shaft on the side of the drive assembly.
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 2 Ember Apparatus, Rear View
6.1.2.4 While in operation, the tumbler shall be shielded with a hinged hood. The hood shall be a two piece clam shell style
that overlaps at the top by 25 mm [1 in.]. The hood shall be formed using 0.8 mm [0.031 in.] sheet metal with 19 mm [0.75 in.]
wide flat bar reinforcing at the perimeter. The flat bar stock shall be attached to the sheet metal hood with pop rivets. When closed
the hood shall be arched to have a diameter of 254 mm [10 in.]. Each of the two pieces that make up the hood shall be 495 mm
[19.5 in.] wide.
6.1.3 The drive unit shall consist of a motor, gear box, chain and sprockets and controls.
6.1.3.1 The motor shall be a ⁄4 HP National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 56C C-face mount single phase AC
motor, 1725 rpm, and shall be mounted to a metal cantilevered shelf. The metal shelf shall be made from a 5 mm [0.1875 in.] plate,
305 mm [12 in.] wide and 184 mm [7.25 in.] deep with metal knee braces tack welded to the left side of the flame chamber.
6.1.3.2 The gear box shall be a 0.35 HP maximum, NEMA 56C C-face input, left hand output by 22.2 mm [0.875 in.] round
shaft, 60:1 ratio and shall be mounted to the same shelf as the motor.
6.1.3.3 The drive chain and sprockets shall be International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 08B (#40) roller chain, ISO
08B (4020) BS 22.2 mm [0.875 in.] gear box sprocket and ISO 08B (4020 BS 25 mm [1 in.]) sprocket. The drive chain shall be
guarded with sheet metal or expanded steel for operational safety.
6.1.3.4 When activated, the circular tumbler shall rotate at 30 rev/min.
6.1.4 The controls shall have three switches: one for the fan, one for the drive motor, and one for the fan and drive motor
together.
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 3 Ember Apparatus, Section A-A, Side View
6.1.5 The flame chamber shall be centered directly below the tumbler. The flame chamber shall be constructed with a framework
of 19 by 19 mm [0.75 by 0.75 in.] steel angle and skinned with 2 mm [0.078 in.] sheet metal panels on four sides. The top and
bottom of the box shall be open to allow the embers to flow through. The chamber shall be 228 mm [9 in.] deep, 508 mm [20 in.]
wide and 254 mm [10 in.] tall.
6.1.5.1 The burner shall consist of a 13 mm [0.5 in.] round black iron gas pipe with fifteen 2.4 mm [0.09375 in.] round holes
equally spaced at 19 mm [0.75 in.] in a straight pipe. The pipe shall run horizontally, parallel with the tumbler. The distance
between the bottom of the tumbler and the center of the gas pipe shall be 57 mm [2.25 in.]. The first hole in the pipe shall be located
95 mm [3.75 in.] from the left wall of the flame chamber. The last hole shall be located 362 mm [14.25 in.] from the left wall of
the flame chamber.
6.1.5.2 The burner pipe shall be connected to the left and right side of the flame chamber, exiting on the left where it shall be
attached to a gas supply line with ball valve.
6.1.6 Test Cabinet:
6.1.6.1 The test cabinet shall be a rectangular steel box, 381 mm [15 in.] deep, 610 mm [24 in.] wide and 711 mm [28 in.] tall.
It shall be centered below the flame chamber and shall rest on four casters or legs that are 95 mm [3.75 in.] tall. The test cabinet
shall have an opening in the top, through to the flame chamber, which is 190 mm [7.5 in.] deep and 457 mm [18 in.] wide
positioned so that it is centered from left-to-right and from front-to-back in the top of the test cabinet. The test cabinet shall have
an interior framework of welded 32 by 32 mm [1.25 by 1.25 in.] angle iron and skinned with 2 mm [0.078 in.] sheet metal panels.
6.1.6.2 The front side of the test cabinet shall consist of a left-hinged 2 mm [0.078 in.] door with a glazed tempered-glass view
window, and two latches on the right side to hold the door securely closed during testing. The door shall be framed out with 32
by 32 mm [1.25 by 1.25 in.] by 3 mm [0.125 in.] thick angle iron or equivalent material.
6.1.6.3 The view window shall be 229 mm [9 in.] wide and 254 mm [10 in.] high. The window shall be centered left-to-right
and the top of the window shall be 25 mm [1 in.] from the top of the door it is mounted in.
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 4 Ember Apparatus, Internal Baffle Deflector Detail
6.1.7 Two shelves shall be mounted inside the test chamber.
6.1.7.1 Upper Shelf:
(1) The upper shelf shall serve as a platform for the vent and shall be located 203 mm [8 in.] from the top of the chamber.
6.1.7.2 The upper shelf shall have a ledge on four sides made of 25 mm by 25 mm [1 in. by 1 in.] by 3 mm [0.125 in.] steel
angle welded to the interior cabinet walls. A piece of gypsum board, nominal 13 mm [0.5 in.] thick, shall be cut to size to fit on
top of the angle iron frame. The gypsum board shall be cut appropriately to center the vent under the tumbler. The edges between
the vent and gypsum board shall be sealed.
6.1.7.3 The gypsum board section shall be scored in the 305 mm [12 in.] depth direction, approximately 13 mm [0.5 in.] from
the edge, to allow for folding of the section, and facilitate insertion and removal of the vent in the apparatus.
6.1.8 Lower Shelf:
6.1.8.1 The lower shelf shall be located 406 mm [16 in.] from the top of the chamber. The shelf shall have a ledge on four sides
made of 25 by 25 mm [1 by 1 in.] by 3 mm [0.125 in.] thick steel angle welded to the interior cabinet walls. A piece of 13 mm
[0.5 in.] by 1.5 mm [0.059 in.] flattened expanded metal screen shall rest on the ledge of the angle iron and be tack welded to it.
6.1.8.2 The lower shelf shall be used to support the combustible test media that will be used to evaluate vent performance.
6.1.9 The test cabinet shall have sheet metal baffle deflectors attached on all four interior cabinet walls, including the back side
of the door. These baffles shall be located between the upper and lower shelf.
6.1.9.1 The baffles are designed to funnel test embers away from the edge of the combustible target media without resulting in
an accumulation of embers along the outside edge.
6.1.9.2 The baffles shall be fabricated from 76 mm [3 in.] strips of 1 mm [0.051 in.] sheet metal that is tack welded or bolted
to the interior cabinet walls and door.
6.1.9.3 The baffles shall have a 19 mm [0.75 in.] tab as an attachment point and bent to angle inward at 45 degrees from another
57 mm [2.25 in.].
6.1.10 There shall be a 102 mm [4 in.] round hole in the back wall of the cabinet, centered from side-to-side and located 89
mm [3.5 in.] from the bottom of the cabinet. The steel edge around the hole shall be used to attach a metal collar.
E2886/E2886M − 20
FIG. 5 Baffle Deflector Detail, Section 1
6.1.10.1 A 915 mm [3 ft] section of sheet metal ducting shall be attached to the outlet collar at one end and to the exhaust fan
at the other end.
6.1.10.2 The exhaust fan shall be a 30LS, 115 VAC, 60 Hz, 81 W, 0.7 A thermally-protected [maximum temperature 140°F] fan.
The fan shall be used to draw air through the apparatus.
6.1.10.3 The fan shall have variable speed control adjustment and the control shall be adjusted such that with a 6 mm [0.25 in.]
screen mesh with 0.64 mm [0.025 in.] wire, covering the entire upper shelf, and the prescribed expanded steel covering the lower
shelf, the wind velocity shall have an average speed of 0.9 m/s [2.0 mph].
(1) Velocity shall be measured 38 mm [1.5 in.] above the upper shelf.
6.1.11 Three thermocouples (Type K, 18 B&S gauge (1 mm [0.04 in.])) shall be positioned at a height of 25 mm [1 in.] directly
over and along the center line of the width of the vent. One thermocouple shall be placed above the center of the vent. The
remaining two thermocouples shall be placed on each side of the center thermocouple at distance halfway between the center
thermocouple and the outer edge of the vent. Temperature readings shall be taken at 1-s intervals over the entire length of the test.
6.2 Apparatus for the Flame Intrusion Test:
6.2.1 Fire Source—Refer to the Apparatus Section and “Fig. 1 Gas Burner Exposure Fire Source” in Test Method E2912 for
the burner and fuel source needed to produce the fire source and conduct the Flame Intrusion Test on the vent.
NOTE 4—The burner and its output were selected to produce a sudden direct flame impingement on the test specimen that is constant. The burner
configuration and its output were based upon those prescribed in Test Method E2257. The distance between the test specimen and the fire source (gas
burner) was set to address variables typically seen in building occupation that contribute to sudden direct flaming. Two of many possible examples are:
(1) Exterior vents located near storage areas where combustibles are stacked such as wood piles, (2) Exterior vents in contact with landscaping (vegetation
E2886/E2886M − 20
or forestation, or both). In many cases, these combustibles are just inches from the vent, which is open to allow airflow, and are subject to a sudden direct
flame impingement.
6.2.2 Test Assembly—Refer to the Apparatus Section in Test Method E2912 for the test bench (as shown in Figs. 2-9, inclusive,
in Test Method E2912).
6.2.3 Cotton Pads and Applicator Frame—Refer to the Apparatus Section and the Annex in Test Method E2912 for the type
of cotton pads and applicator frame (as shown in Figs. A1.1 and A1.2 in Test Method E2912).
6.2.4 Unexposed Surface Thermocouples—Refer to the Apparatus Section in Test Method E2912 for the type of optional
unexposed surface thermocouples.
6.2.5 Thermocouple Pads—Refer to the Apparatus Section in Test Method E2912 for the type of optional thermocouples pads.
6.2.6 Other Detection and Observation Devices—A video camera is permitted to document the presence and duration of any
flame penetration through the vent. When desired, refer to the Apparatus Section in Test Method E2912 for other thermal detection
devices that are permitted.
6.2.7 Time Measurement—Refer to the Apparatus Section in Test Method E2912 for the type of time measurement devices.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 The test specimen is the vent. The test specimen shall be representative of the vent as used in practice. Document a detailed
description of the vent with respect to materials, components, workmanship, and details. The same model number (type) of vent
shall be used in both the Ember Intrusion Test and Flame Intrusion Test.
7.2 Ember Intrusion Test:
7.2.1 Test Specimen Size—Some vents are larger than what the test apparatus will accommodate. When necessary, the vent shall
be reduced in length or width while maintaining the same design features in order to fit into the ember test apparatus. Document
the dimensions of the test specimen tested. Photograph the vent used in the Ember Intrusion Test.
NOTE 5—The maximum sized vent that the test chamber will accommodate is 330 by 533 mm [13 by 21 in.].
7.2.2 Test Specimen Installation—Document the installation of the vent and all materials used.
7.3 Flame Intrusion Test:
7.3.1 Test Specimen Splices—Refer to and follow the Test Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test Method
E2912 related to splices.
7.3.2 Test Specimen Size—Refer to and follow the Test Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test Method
E2912 related to size.
7.3.3 Test Specimen Installation—Refer to and follow the Test Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test
Method E2912 related to installation.
7.3.4 Horizontal Test Specimens—Refer to and follow the Test Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test
Method E2912 related to horizontal test specimens (as shown in Figs. 10, 11 and 12 in Test Method E2912).
7.3.5 Vertical Test Specimens—Refer to and follow the Test Specimen and Test Assembly Section requirements in Test Method
E2912 related to vertical test specimens (as shown in Figs. 13, 14 and 15 in Test Method E2912).
8. Specification, Conditioning, and Preparation
8.1 Ember Intrusion Test:
8.1.1 Ember Raw Material:
8.1.1.1 Standard Class C brands, as described in Test Methods E108 (Section 10.3.3) shall be used as the starting materials for
generating embers.
8.1.1.2 Prior to the test, the Class C brands shall be conditioned in an oven maintained at 40 to 49°C [105 to 120°F] for a
minimum of 24 h.
8.1.2 Combustible Target Material:
8.1.2.1 A 305 by 457 mm [12 by 18 in.] section of 100 % cotton shall be used as the combustible target material.
8.1.2.2 The thickness of the cotton material shall be not less than 10 mm [0.4 in.] and not greater than 20 mm [0.8 in.]. The
thickness shall be measured after placing a rigid, uniformly-loaded board, having the same dimensions as the cotton batt, on top
of the cotton. The total weight of the rigid board and any additional loading shall be 910 6 10 g.
8.1.2.3 The cotton shall be new and consist of soft cotton fibers. The density of the cotton material, on an oven-dry basis, shall
be between 20 and 25 kg/m .
8.1.2.4 Prior to the test, the 100 % cotton material shall be conditioned in an oven maintained at 105 6 5°C [220 6 9°F] for
a minimum of 4 h.
8.1.2.5 The conditioned cotton shall be used in the test within 15 min after removal from the heated oven.
NOTE 6—There are a number of suppliers of 100 % roll cotton and many of these are sold in nominal 12 in. widths. The total length of the roll varies,
but is usually sufficient to obtain seven to nine cut-to-length pieces.
8.2 Flame Intrusion Test:
E2886/E2886M − 20
8.2.1 Preparation of Apparatus—Refer to and follow the Preparation of Apparatus Section requirements in Test Method E2912
related to the Fire Test Apparatus and optional Unexposed Surface Thermocouple Placement.
8.2.2 Test Assembly Conditioning—The following combination creates the test assembly for the Flame Intrusion Test. The test
specimen (vent) is installed into a non-combustible frame with an opening representing the vented construction such as an eave,
gable, wall, or foundation. Refer to and follow the Test Assembly Conditioning Section requirements in Test Method E2912 related
to the test assembly.
9. Test Procedure
9.1 Ember Intrusion Test:
9.1.1 Insert test vent into the precut slot in the upper horizontal shelf in test cabinet of the apparatus. The vent shall be installed
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Photograph installation of the vent and installed condition.
9.1.2 Load ten Class C brands into the tumbler. All Class C brands shall be positioned in the tumbler on edge and spaced 3 mm
[0.125 in.] apart.
9.1.3 Insert a 305 by 457 mm [12 by 18 in.] piece of 100 % cotton material into a 305 by 457 mm [12 in. by 18 in.] open-bottom
tray centered on the flattened expanded metal screen on the lower shelf.
NOTE 7—The open-bottom tray can be fabricated using 38 mm [1.5 in.] sheet metal angle flashing material, cut and bent at the corners, and fastened
with aluminum tape. Use of the tray facilitates consistent placement of the cotton in the test apparatus.
9.1.4 Load ten 22 mm [0.875 in.] steel nuts into the tumbler. Close and latch the tumbler door.
9.1.5 Start recording temperatures of the three thermocouples. Continue recording temperature every second until the test is
concluded.
9.1.6 Ignite the gas burner and direct the flame such that it extends approximately 50 mm [2 in.] into the tumbler, and impinges
on all Class C brands. The flame contact exposure shall last for 3 min.
NOTE 8—A nominal propane gas flow delivery rate of 5 L/min is sufficient to accomplish appropriate flame impingement on the brands.
9.1.7 The test cabinet door shall remain open during the 3-min ignition period of the Class C brands.
9.1.8 At the end of the 3-min ignition period for the Class C brands:
9.1.8.1 Turn off the gas burner.
9.1.8.2 Close the door to the test cabinet.
9.1.8.3 Close the solid metal hood to cover the tumbler.
9.1.8.4 Turn on the tumbler.
9.1.8.5 Turn on the exhaust fan.
9.1.8.6 Run the tumbler until it is devoid of all portions (that is, the embers) generated by the tumbling Class C brands.
NOTE 9—The ember exposure time resulting from the tumbled Class C brands should be approximately 3 min (see Appendix X1.4).
9.1.8.7 Observation and notes shall be made regarding ignition of cotton material. The time at which flaming ignition occurs
shall be noted.
(1) If flaming ignition does not occur, the cotton material shall be examined at the conclusion of the test. Locations where
embers landed, as evidenced by a carbonaceous char area associated with smoldering combustion, shall be noted.
9.1.8.8 Tests shall be run in triplicate, with each test using a different sample of the vent product being tested.
9.1.8.9 Sufficient time shall be allowed in between tests to permit the apparatus to return to ambient temperatures before
beginning a subsequent test.
9.2 Flame Intrusion Test:
9.2.1 Re
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