ASTM D217-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D 937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D 1403 uses less precise one-quarter and one-half scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited.
Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D 937 should be used for such products.
1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in inches and fractions of an inch. These units were retained because a vast body of data has been obtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metric equivalency tables are provided with each figure. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D217–02 (Reapproved 2007)
Designation: 50/88
Standard Test Methods for
1
Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test
methods are given in inches and fractions of an inch. These
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring
units were retained because a vast body of data has been
the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a
obtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metric
cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish.The penetration
equivalency tables are provided with each figure.Temperatures
is measured in tenths of a millimetre.
and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the
2
NOTE 1—The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) classified
values shown in parentheses are provided for information.
greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
penetration. The classification system is as follows:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NLGI Worked Penetration Range,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Consistency Number 25°C (77°F)
000 445 to 475
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
00 400 to 430
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
0 355 to 385
1 310 to 340
2. Referenced Documents
2 265 to 295
3
3 220 to 250
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4 175 to 205
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
5 130 to 160
6 85to115 D1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged
Equipment
worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetra-
tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency
3. Terminology
numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed
3.1 Definitions:
penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the
3.1.1 consistency, n—of lubricating grease, the degree of
unworked penetration test.
resistance to movement under stress.
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The term consistency is used some-
greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such
what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency
greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a
refers to the worked penetration of a grease.
millimetre.
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra-
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
tion. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Thedispersionofthethickenerformsa
1
These test methods are the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
surface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients are
D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP, these test
commonly included to impart special properties.
methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. These test
methods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
3
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D217–02. DOI:
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D0217-02R07. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
64112-1596. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D217–02 (2007)
to measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into the
grease.
3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, n—of lubricating
grease, the penetration of a sample after it has been worked
more than 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at a
temperature of 15 to 30°C
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D217–97 Designation:D217–02 (Reapproved 2007)
Designation: 50/88
Standard Test Methods for
1
Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. These test methods were adopted as a joint
ASTM-IP
This standard in 1969. These test methods have has been adoptedapproved for use by government agencies to replace Method 311 of
the Department of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791 b. Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone
of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.
2
NOTE 1—The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) (NLGI) classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked
penetration. The classification system is as follows:
NLGI Worked Penetration Range,
Consistency Number 25°C (77°F)
000 445 to 475
00 400 to 430
0 355 to 385
1 310 to 340
2 265 to 295
3 220 to 250
4 175 to 205
5 130 to 160
6 85 to 115
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations
between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000.An undisturbed penetration test,
described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually
have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration.
Test Method D 937 should be used for such products.
1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in inches and fractions of an inch. These units
were retained because a vast body of data has been obtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metric equivalency
tables are provided with each figure. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in
parentheses are provided for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
These test methods are the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and the IP Standardization Committee and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G on Lubricating Grease.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1997. Published September 1998. Originally published as D217–25T. Last previous edition D217–94.
1
These test methods are the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0.02
on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. These test methods were adopted
as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 217–02.
2
National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO 64112-1596.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D217–02 (2007)
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
D 1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 consistency, n—of lubricating grease, the degree of resistance to movement under stress.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The term consistency is used somewhat synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refers to
the worked penetration of a grease.
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a sem
...
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