ASTM F2924-12
(Specification)Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion
Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion
ABSTRACT
This specification covers additively manufactured titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) components using full-melt powder bed fusion such as electron beam melting and laser melting. It indicates the classifications of the components, the feedstock used to manufacture Class 1, 2, and 3 components, as well as the microstructure of the components. This specification also identifies the mechanical properties, chemical composition, and minimum tensile properties of the components.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers additively manufactured titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) components using full-melt powder bed fusion such as electron beam melting and laser melting. The components produced by these processes are used typically in applications that require mechanical properties similar to machined forgings and wrought products. Components manufactured to this specification are often, but not necessarily, post processed via machining, grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM), polishing, and so forth to achieve desired surface finish and critical dimensions.
1.2 This specification is intended for the use of purchasers or producers, or both, of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components for defining the requirements and ensuring component properties.
1.3 Users are advised to use this specification as a basis for obtaining components that will meet the minimum acceptance requirements established and revised by consensus of the members of the committee.
1.4 User requirements considered more stringent may be met by the addition to the purchase order of one or more Supplementary Requirements, which may include, but are not limited to, those listed in S1-S11.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F2924 −12
StandardSpecification for
Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium
with Powder Bed Fusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers additively manufactured 2.1 ASTM Standards:
titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) components us- B213 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
the Hall Flowmeter Funnel
ing full-melt powder bed fusion such as electron beam melting
B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
and laser melting. The components produced by these pro-
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
cesses are used typically in applications that require mechani-
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
cal properties similar to machined forgings and wrought
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
products. Components manufactured to this specification are
B964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
often, but not necessarily, post processed via machining,
the Carney Funnel
grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM), polishing,
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
and so forth to achieve desired surface finish and critical
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
dimensions.
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
1.2 This specification is intended for the use of purchasers
terials
or producers, or both, of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
components for defining the requirements and ensuring com-
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
ponent properties.
Sieves
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
1.3 Users are advised to use this specification as a basis for
terials
obtaining components that will meet the minimum acceptance
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
requirements established and revised by consensus of the
Determine Conformance with Specifications
members of the committee.
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
1.4 User requirements considered more stringent may be E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
met by the addition to the purchase order of one or more
E539 TestMethodforAnalysisofTitaniumAlloysbyX-Ray
Supplementary Requirements, which may include, but are not
Fluorescence Spectrometry
limited to, those listed in S1-S11.
E606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E1304 Test Method for Plane-Strain (Chevron-Notch) Frac-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ture Toughness of Metallic Materials
standard.
E1409 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitro-
gen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by the Inert Gas
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fusion Technique
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E1447 Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Tita-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion Thermal
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Conductivity/Infrared Detection Method
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on
Additive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mittee F42.05 on Materials and Processes. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F2924-12. the ASTM website.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
F2924−12
E1941 Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refrac- 3.1.5 manufacturing plan, n—plan including, but not lim-
toryandReactiveMetalsandTheirAlloysbyCombustion ited to the items in Section 6, written by the component
Analysis supplier that specifies the production sequence, machine pa-
E2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium rameters and manufacturing control system used in the pro-
Alloys by Atomic Emission Plasma Spectrometry duction run.
F629 Practice for Radiography of Cast Metallic Surgical
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Manufacturing plans are typically re-
Implants
quired under a quality management system such as ISO 9001
F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing and ASQ C1.
,
Technologies
3.1.6 near net shape, n—components that meet dimensional
F2921 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—
tolerance as built with little post processing.
Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Near net shape components are typi-
2.2 ASQ Standard:
cally used for, but not limited to, Class 4 components.
ASQ C1 Specifications of General Requirements for a Qual-
3.1.7 powder bed, n—refers to the build area in an additive
ity Program
manufacturing process in which feedstock is deposited and
2.3 ISO Standards:
selectively melted with a point heat source to build up
ISO 9001 Quality Management System – Requirements
components.
ISO 9044 IndustrialWovenWire Cloth –Technical Require-
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Powderbedprocessesareincontrastto
ments and Testing
other metal additive manufacturing processes in which powder
ISO 13485 Medical devices – Quality management systems
or wire are fed simultaneously with the heat source. Powder
– Requirements for regulatory purposes
bed processes include, but are not limited to, the processes of
2.4 SAE Standards:
selective laser melting (SLM®), direct metal laser sintering
AMS2249 Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium and
(DMLS™), LaserCUSING, and electron beam melting
Titanium Alloys
(EBM®).
AMS2801 Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloy Parts
AMSH81200 Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium
3.1.8 powder blend, n—quantity of powder made by blend-
Alloys
ing powders originating from more than one powder lot.
AS1814 Terminology for Titanium Microstructures
3.1.9 powder lot, n—a complete quantity of powder pro-
AS9100 Quality Systems – Aerospace – Model for Quality
duced under traceable, controlled conditions, from a single
Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installa-
unifying manufacturing process cycle and provided with
tion and Servicing
source documentation.
2.5 ASME Standards:
3.1.9.1 Discussion—The size of a powder lot is defined by
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture
the powder supplier. It is common that the powder supplier
3. Terminology distributes a portion of a powder lot to multiple powder bed
fusion component suppliers.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 as built, n, adj—refers to the state of components
3.1.10 production run, n—all components produced in one
made by an additive process before any post processing except
build cycle or sequential series of build cycles using the same
where removal from a build platform is necessary or powder
process conditions and powder.
removal or support removal is required.
3.1.11 used powder, n—powder from a powder blend or
3.1.2 build cycle, n—single cycle in which one or more
powder lot containing some portion of powder that has been
componentsarebuiltupinlayersintheprocesschamberofthe
processed in at least one previous build cycle.
machine.
3.1.12 virgin powder, n—unused powder from a single
3.1.3 manufacturing lot, n—manufactured components hav-
powder lot.
ing commonality between powder, production run, machine,
3.2 Terminology relating to titanium microstructure in
and post-processing steps (if required) as recorded on a single
AS1814 shall apply
manufacturing work order.
3.3 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in Ter-
3.1.4 machine, n—a system including hardware, machine
minology F2792 shall apply.
control software, required set-up software and peripheral
accessories necessary to complete a build cycle for producing
4. Classification
components.
4.1 Components manufactured to Class 1 requirements are
Available from American Society for Quality (ASQ), 600 N. Plankinton Ave.,
often used for, but not limited to, safety critical and structural
Milwaukee, WI 53203, http://www.asq.org.
components where hot isostatic press is not required.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME SLM is a registered trademark of Realizer GmbH, SLM Solutions GmbH and
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// Renishaw plc. DMLS is a trademark of EOS GmbH. EBM is a registered trademark
www.asme.org. of Arcam AB, Molndal, Sweden.
F2924−12
NOTE 1—Qualification procedures typically require qualification build
4.2 Components manufactured to Class 2 requirements are
cycles in which mechanical property test specimens are prepared and
often used for, but not limited to, safety critical and structural
measured in accordance with Section 11 or other applicable standards.
components.
Location, orientation on the build platform, number of test specimens for
each machine qualification build cycle, and relationship between speci-
4.3 Components manufactured to Class 3 requirements are
men test results and component quality shall be agreed upon between
often used for, but not limited to, performance critical compo-
component supplier and purchaser.
nents.
6.1.2 Feedstock that meets the requirements of Section 7;
4.4 Components manufactured to Class 4 requirements are
6.1.3 The machine identification, including machine soft-
typically concept models and prototype parts.
ware version, manufacturing control system version (if
automated), build chamber environment, machine
5. Ordering Information
conditioning, and calibration information of the qualified
5.1 Orders for components compliant with this specification
machine;
shall include the following to describe the requirements ad-
6.1.4 Predetermined process as substantiated by the quali-
equately:
fication procedure;
5.1.1 This specification designation,
6.1.5 Safeguards to ensure traceability of the digital files,
5.1.2 Description or part number of product desired,
including design history of the components;
5.1.3 Quantity of product desired,
6.1.6 All the steps necessary to start the build process,
5.1.4 Classification,
including build platform selection, machine cleaning, and
5.1.5 SI or inch-pounds units,
powder handling;
5.1.6 Dimensions and tolerances (Section 14),
6.1.7 The requirements for approving machine operators;
5.1.7 Mechanical properties (Section 11),
5.1.8 Methods for chemical analysis (Section 9),
6.1.8 Logging of machine build data files, upper and lower
5.1.9 Sampling methods (S12),
limits of the parameters affecting component quality and other
5.1.10 Post-processing sequence operations,
process validation controls;
5.1.11 Thermal processing,
6.1.9 The number of components per build cycle, their
5.1.12 Component marking such as labeling the serial or lot
orientation and location on the build platform, and support
number in the CAD file prior to the build cycle, or product
structures, if required;
tagging,
6.1.10 Process steps including, but not limited to, Section 8;
5.1.13 Packaging,
6.1.11 Post-processingprocedure,includingsequenceofthe
5.1.14 Certification,
post-processing steps and the specifications for each step;
5.1.15 Disposition of rejected material (Section 15), and
6.1.12 Thermal processing including furnace anneal, hot
5.1.16 Supplementary requirements.
isostatic pressing, heat treat, and aging; and
6.1.13 Inspection requirements as agreed between the pur-
6. Manufacturing Plan
chaser and component supplier, including any supplementary
6.1 Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 components manufactured
requirements.
to this specification shall have a manufacturing plan that
includes, but is not limited to, the following:
7. FeedStock
6.1.1 A machine, and manufacturing control system, quali-
fication procedure as agreed between component supplier and 7.1 The feedstock for this specification shall be metal
purchaser; powder, as defined in Terminology B243, that has the powder
FIG. 1Build Platform Coordinates for Test Specimens (for reference only)
F2924−12
type, size distribution, shape, tap density, and flow rate 8.1.1 For components meeting Class 1 and Class 2
optimized for the process as determined by the component properties, test specimens for quality assurance may be re-
supplier. quiredtobebuiltandtestedinaccordancewithSection 11with
each build cycle or before and after a production run as agreed
7.2 The metal powder shall be free from detrimental
upon between the component supplier and purchaser.
amounts of inclusions and impurities and its chemical compo-
sition shall be adequate to yield, after processing, the final
NOTE 2—In addition to tension test specimens, fatigue test specimens
may be required by the purchaser to be built with the components at the
material chemistry listed in Table 1.
beginning and end of each production run. Fatigue testing is described in
7.3 Powder blends are allowed unless otherwise specified
Supplementary Requirement S6.
between the component supplier and component purchaser, as
8.1.2 ForcomponentsmeetingClass3properties,testspeci-
long as all powder used to create the powder blend meet the
mens for quality assurance may be required to be built and
requirements in Table 1 and lot numbers are documented and
tested in accordance with Section 11 before and after a
maintained.
production run or manufacturing lot as agreed upon between
7.4 Used powder is allowed. The proportion of virgin
the component supplier and purchaser.
powder to used powder shall be recorded and reported for each
8.2 Permissible parameter, process changes and extent of
production run. The maximum number of times used powder
external intervention during the build cycle shall be identified
can be used as well as the number of times any portion of a
in the manufacturing plan. All process changes shall be
powder lot can be processed in the bu
...
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