ASTM E2937-18
(Guide)Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations
Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 FTIR spectroscopy can be employed for the classification of paint binder types and pigments as well as for the comparison of spectra from known and questioned coatings. When used for comparison purposes, the goal of the forensic examiner is to determine whether any meaningful differences exist between the known and questioned samples.
5.2 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison or identification of paint binders and pigments.
5.3 It is not the intent of this guide to present comprehensive theories and methods of FTIR spectroscopy. It is necessary that the examiner have an understanding of FTIR and general concepts of specimen preparation prior to using this guide. This information is available from manufacturers’ reference materials, training courses, and references such as: Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy (Suzuki, 1993) (4), Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic Paint Evidence (Ryland, 1995) (5), Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Paint Fragments (Beveridge, 2001) (6), and An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to the forensic IR analysis of paints and coatings and is intended to supplement information presented in the Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guidelines (1)2 written by Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). This guideline is limited to the discussion of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments and provides information on FTIR instrument setup, performance assessment, sample preparation, analysis and data interpretation. It is intended to provide an understanding of the requirements, benefits, limitations and proper use of IR accessories and sampling methods available for use by forensic paint examiners. The following accessory techniques will be discussed: FTIR microspectroscopy (transmission and reflectance), diamond cell and attenuated total reflectance. The particular methods employed by each examiner or laboratory, or both, are dependent upon available equipment, examiner training, specimen size or suitability, and purpose of examination. This guideline does not cover the theoretical aspects of many of the topics presented. These can be found in texts such as An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (Federation of Societies for Coatings, 1991) (2) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Griffiths and de Haseth, 1986) (3).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2937 − 18 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint
1
Examinations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is commonly used by forensic laboratories for the analysis of paints and
coatings received in the form of small chips, residues, particles, or smears, and serves as a staple
comparative technique in the assessment of whether or not questioned paint could have come from a
particular source. IR spectroscopy provides molecular structure information on many of the organic
and inorganic constituents contained within a single paint layer. This information can be used to
classify both binders and pigments in coating materials. The classification information can then be
used to identify probable types of paint such as architectural, automotive, or maintenance.
Additionally, the use of automotive paint databases allow for the determination of information such
as potential vehicle year, make and model. Databases can also aid in the interpretation of the
significance (for example, how limited is the group of potential donor sources) of a questioned paint.
1. Scope (Federation of Societies for Coatings, 1991) (2) and Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Griffiths and de Haseth,
1.1 This guide applies to the forensic IR analysis of paints
1986) (3).
and coatings and is intended to supplement information pre-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
sented in the Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guide-
2
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
lines (1) written by Scientific Working Group on Materials
standard.
Analysis (SWGMAT). This guideline is limited to the discus-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sion of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
provides information on FTIR instrument setup, performance
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
assessment, sample preparation, analysis and data interpreta-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tion. It is intended to provide an understanding of the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
requirements, benefits, limitations and proper use of IR acces-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
soriesandsamplingmethodsavailableforusebyforensicpaint
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
examiners. The following accessory techniques will be dis-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
cussed: FTIR microspectroscopy (transmission and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
reflectance), diamond cell and attenuated total reflectance.The
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
particular methods employed by each examiner or laboratory,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
or both, are dependent upon available equipment, examiner
training, specimen size or suitability, and purpose of examina-
2. Referenced Documents
tion. This guideline does not cover the theoretical aspects of
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
many of the topics presented.These can be found in texts such
D16TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
as An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry
Applications
E131Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E1421Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally
3
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2937 – 13. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E2937-18. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2937 − 18
of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (F
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2937 − 13 E2937 − 18
Standard Guide for
Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint
1
Examinations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is commonly used by forensic laboratories for the analysis of paints and
coatings received in the form of small chips, residues, particles, or smears, and serves as a staple
comparative technique in the assessment of whether or not questioned paint could have come from a
particular source. IR spectroscopy provides molecular structure information on many of the organic
and inorganic constituents contained within a single paint layer. This information can be used to
classify both binders and pigments in coating materials. The classification information maycan then
be utilizedused to identify probable types of paint such as architectural, automotive, or maintenance.
Additionally, the use of automotive paint databases may allow for the determination of information
such as potential vehicle year, make and model. Databases maycan also aid in the interpretation of the
significance (for example, how limited is the group of potential donor sources) of a questioned paint.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide applies to the forensic IR analysis of paints and coatings and is intended to supplement information presented
2
in the Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guidelines (1) written by Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis
(SWGMAT). This guideline is limited to the discussion of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments and provides information
on FTIR instrument setup, performance assessment, sample preparation, analysis and data interpretation. It is intended to provide
an understanding of the requirements, benefits, limitations and proper use of IR accessories and sampling methods available for
use by forensic paint examiners. The following accessory techniques will be discussed: FTIR microspectroscopy (transmission and
reflectance), diamond cell and attenuated total reflectance. The particular methods employed by each examiner or laboratory, or
both, are dependent upon available equipment, examiner training, specimen size or suitability, and purpose of examination. This
guideline does not cover the theoretical aspects of many of the topics presented. These can be found in texts such as An Infrared
Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (Federation of Societies for Coatings, 1991) (2) and Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrometry (Griffiths and de Haseth, 1986) (3).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2018. Published October 2013February 2018. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2937
– 13. DOI: 10.1520/E2937-13.10.1520/E2937-18.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.