ASTM C823/C823M-12(2017)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in Constructions
Standard Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened<brk/> Concrete in Constructions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination may provide a basis for laying out in situ testing of the concrete.
4.2 The sampling can provide materials for petrographic examination, in accordance with Practice C856, chemical or physical analytical procedures, or any of a wide variety of destructive or nondestructive tests to determine physical, mechanical, or structural properties of the concrete.
4.3 The results of examination and sampling carried out in accordance with this practice may be used for a variety of purposes and to serve a variety of objectives, some of which are discussed in the Procedural Plan Section.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for visual examination and sampling of hardened concrete in constructions. Reference is made to the examination and sampling of concrete in prefabricated building units, precast products, and laboratory specimens.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C823/C823M − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Examination and Sampling of Hardened
Concrete in Constructions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C823/C823M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Concrete Specimens
C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination ofAggregates for
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for visual examination
Concrete
and sampling of hardened concrete in constructions. Reference
C457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Pa-
is made to the examination and sampling of concrete in
rameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
prefabricated building units, precast products, and laboratory
C597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
specimens.
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Concrete
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
with the standard.
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Lot or Process
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Results of Probability Sampling
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
practice, refer to Terminology C125.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.1 concrete constructions, n—any object, unit, or struc-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ture that has been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.2 category of concrete, n—a specified level of quality in
concretethatisobservedtobeinadefinablerangeofcondition
2. Referenced Documents
as a result of service or test exposure, as distinguished from
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concrete in the same or related constructions that is either of
C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
differing specified quality or of the same specified quality but
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
in observably different condition at the time of examination. It
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
is also used to refer to concrete having a certain attribute or
gregates
attributes. (see the Sampling Plan Section).
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
4. Significance and Use
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
4.1 The examination may provide a basis for laying out in
situ testing of the concrete.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregates, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 4.2 The sampling can provide materials for petrographic
on Petrography.
examination, in accordance with Practice C856, chemical or
Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally
physical analytical procedures, or any of a wide variety of
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C823/C823M–12.
destructive or nondestructive tests to determine physical,
DOI: 10.1520/C0823_C0823M-12R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mechanical, or structural properties of the concrete.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.3 The results of examination and sampling carried out in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. accordance with this practice may be used for a variety of
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C823/C823M − 12 (2017)
purposes and to serve a variety of objectives, some of which 6.2 Purpose—Investigations of the condition of concrete in
are discussed in the Procedural Plan Section. service are usually undertaken for the following reasons: (a)to
determine the ability of the concrete to perform satisfactorily
5. Qualifications and Instruction of Personnel
under anticipated conditions of future service; (b) to identify
the processes or materials causing distress or failure; (c)to
5.1 Qualifications—The examination, formulation of sam-
discover conditions in the concrete that caused or contributed
pling plan, and the sampling procedures shall be performed by
to satisfactory performance or to failure; (d) to establish
personsqualifiedbyeducationandexperiencetocarryoutsuch
methodsforrepairorreplacementwithouthazardofrecurrence
work, to operate equipment employed, to record and interpret
of the distress; (e) to determine conformance with construction
observations, and to report upon the sampling plan and its
specification requirements; (f) to develop data to aid in fixing
execution. Technicians and workmen may be required to assist
financial and legal responsibility for cases involving failure or
in the operations but appropriate training and supervision are
unsatisfactory service; and (g) to evaluate the performance of
mandatory.
the components used in the concrete. It is assumed that the
5.2 Instruction of Personnel—This practice may be used by
manager of the investigation will begin with one or more
personnel employed directly by those for whom the examina-
working hypotheses, derived from information received or
tion and sampling program are conducted. The employer
gathered, that are intended to explain the reasons for the
should tell the personnel in as much detail as necessary, the
condition or conditions of the concrete, and that will be
purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of
continuously revised and refined as more information is
information sought, and the extent of examination and sam-
received. It is intended that at the end of the investigation, an
pling desired. Pertinent background information should be
explanation will have been produced which is the best obtain-
made available. If the person to perform the work is highly
able from the investigation of the available evidence concern-
experienced, the employer should seek his or her advice in
ing the mechanisms that operated to produce the condition or
delineatingtheinvestigation.Thenature,extent,andobjectives
conditions of the constructions.
of the examination and sampling plan should be recorded, and
the record may appropriately include the items under Agree-
6.3 Scope of Investigation—Thescopeofaninvestigationof
ments with Consultants.
concrete in service may be limited to only isolated areas
displaying deterioration. Or the investigation may be con-
5.3 Agreements with Consultants—This practice may be the
cerned with general distress, such as excessive deflection or
basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of a
collapse of structural members. It may involve study of the
consulting service and the consultant. The purchaser and
dislocation of entire structures or large portions of structures.
consultant should jointly determine the nature, extent, and
The investigation may be confined chiefly to the study of the
objectives of the examination and sampling program to be
concrete, or it may require substantial research into other
made, and should record their agreement in writing. The
circumstances, such as foundation conditions, conditions of
agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made,
service, construction practices, and comparisons with other
observations to be reported, numbers and kinds of samples to
structures.
be taken, level of reliability required for results of tests,
portions of the constructions to be sampled, funds to be
7. Preliminary Investigations
obligated, a time schedule for the investigation, or a combina-
tion of these and other conditions.
7.1 Purpose—The purpose of preliminary investigations is
to establish the general condition of the concrete and the
EXAMINATION OF CONCRETE IN
existenceofanyunsatisfactorycondition,todescribeitsnature,
CONSTRUCTIONS
and to estimate its extent and possible effect upon the
performance, service life, and safety of the structure. An
6. Procedural Plan
investigation of failure or inadequate performance of concrete
6.1 Objective—Theobjectiveoftheexaminationofconcrete
inconstructionsispredicateduponaconclusion,usuallybythe
is to provide information that can be used to evaluate the
owner or his representatives, that an unsatisfactory condition
condition of the concrete and the constructions, and to cor-
exists or is imminent. Such a conclusion may be in error, either
roborate observed satisfactory performance, or to document
because the observed condition is insignificant, or because the
and explain distress or failure. The examination of concrete in
full extent of the actual distress or inadequacy has not been
service or under test should be undertaken in accordance with
detected.
a scope, an objective, and systematic procedures, all agreed
upon between the responsible parties. The extent of the 7.2 Test Methods—The preliminary investigation may
investigation and the procedures that are most appropriate for include, as appropriate, visual inspection of the structure,
the examination depend upon a decision as to the objectives of review of plans and specifications for the work, and examina-
the investigation and the level of reliability required of tion of available reports of project engineers and inspectors,
resulting test data. This decision may stipulate an authorized compilation of available data on service conditions, petro-
budget and a time schedule for completion of various stages of graphic examination in accordance with Practice C856, and
the investigation. The budget and time schedule can be testing of a few selected samples of concrete and secondary
modified following preliminary investigations and adjusted chemical deposits in or on the concrete or both. Deflection or
periodically as information accumulates. expansion (or shrinkage) of typical portions of the structure
C823/C823M − 12 (2017)
might appropriately be measured. The condition of the con- aspects of failure should be described as quantitatively as
crete in place can be estimated using nondestructive testing possible. The examination may be extended to aggregate
procedures,suchasimpactdevicesandultrasonicmethods(see sources in accordance with the procedures described in Prac-
TestMethodC597).Selectedcriticalportionsofstructuresmay tice C295. Photographs of pertinent features of the
be probed and sampled by drilling (Method C42/C42M). The constructions, their environs, and the manifestations of failure
cores may be tested in accordance with Test Method C215. are valuable and should be obtained.
Borehole cameras and viewing devices have been found to be
9.3 Observations—Features of the concrete to be noted
helpful in specific instances (1, 2, 3).
especially include: (a) the nature and extent of cracking and
7.3 Conclusions—The findings of the preliminary investiga-
fractures; (b) evidences of volume change, deflection, or
tion may allay all concern with respect to the condition of the dislocation of the constructions or portions thereof, which may
concrete. In certain cases, the findings are adequate for a final
include the closing or opening of joints, tilting, shearing, or
conclusion on the significance of observed distress. Otherwise, misalignment of structural elements and shifting or misalign-
care should be taken to assure that the preliminary investiga-
ment of machinery; (c) the condition of exposed surfaces,
tion provides the information necessary to delineate a plan for especially such features as spalling, popouts, unusual
the further investigations covered in Sections8–14. weakness, disintegration, excessive wear, and discoloration;
(d) evidences of cement-aggregate reactions; (e) secondary
8. Assembly of Records
deposits on surfaces, in cracks, and in voids; and (f) the
presence and extent of repair work and the quality of its bond
8.1 Reports and Legal Documents—The investigation of
to the original concrete.
concrete performance should be preceded or accompanied by
9.3.1 Some of the features listed in this section can be
the assembly and critical review of records pertaining to the
detected more readily in laboratory examination.
project specifications, construction contract, construction
operations,concrete-makingmaterials,weatherconditionsdur- 9.3.2 Some of the other properties of the concrete requiring
observation include: the thoroughness of consolidation;
ing and after construction, and the actual conditions of service.
Such records should establish the specified requirements for whether the concrete is air-entrained; evidences of segregation
and bleeding; indications of extremely high, low, or normal
the materials and the completed work, and may reveal circum-
stances or conditions that caused or contributed to the distress water content; in the case of reinforced concrete, the condition
of the concrete. Records of operation and maintenance may of the steel and its location in the section; and the nature and
describe the beginning and progress of unsatisfactory perfor- condition of other embedded items.
mance.
9.3.3 Any phenomena indicating distress of the concrete
should be studied in relation to possible causative or contribu-
8.2 Interviews—Interviews with contractors, engineers,
tory factors, such as varying conditions of exposure over the
inspectors, tradesmen, and suppliers should be conducted to
area of the constructions; the sequence of placing operations;
obtain pertinent information that is not included in the
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