ASTM C856-18
(Practice)Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
ABSTRACT
This practice outlines the standard procedures for performing petrographic examination of hardened concrete samples. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, that is, all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete. They may also be concrete products or portions thereof, or concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments or simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. This practice applies to samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. The equipments generally used for specimen preparation are diamond saw, cutting lubricant, horizontal lap wheels, free abrasive machine, polishing wheel, hot plate or oven, prospector's pick and/or bricklayer's hammer, abrasives, plate-glass squares, suitable media, and microscope slides. For specimen examination, the equipments needed are stereomicroscope, dollies, petrographic or polarizing microscope, metallographic microscope, eyepiece micrometer, stage micrometer, microscope lamps, needleholders and points, bottles with droppers, assorted forceps, lens paper, refractometer, and immersion media. Appropriate procedures for the sampling, preparation, and examination of specimens are detailed methodically.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
Note 1: A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1–6 are available as Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians
4
Purposes of Examination
5
Apparatus
6
Selection and Use of Apparatus
7
Samples
8
Examination of Samples
9
Specimen Preparation
10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination
11
Polarizing Microscope Examination
12
Paste Features
13
Report
14
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: C856 − 18
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A
be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be
specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
concreteormortarspecimensthathavebeenexposedinnatural
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
products discussed in Sections8–13 and Tables 1–6 are available as
Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are appli- 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout,
gregates
plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
though the commentary may be applicable to the other
Concrete Specimens
mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
than concrete.
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
1.3 Thepurposesofandproceduresforpetrographicexami- C342Test Method for PotentialVolume Change of Cement-
3
nationofhardenedconcretearegiveninthefollowingsections: Aggregate Combinations (Withdrawn 2001)
C441TestMethodforEffectivenessofPozzolansorGround
Section
Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
Purposes of Examination 5
C452Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-
Apparatus 6
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
Samples 8
C457Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Pa-
Examination of Samples 9
rameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Specimen Preparation 10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
C496/C496MTest Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
Paste Features 13
C597Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
Report 14
C803/C803MTest Method for Penetration Resistance of
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
Hardened Concrete
as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for
C805Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Con-
information purposes only.
crete
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.65on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petrography. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C856 – 17. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/C0856-18. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C856 − 18
C823Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened petrographic examinations,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C856 − 17 C856 − 18
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined
may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar
specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The
phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic
cement concrete.
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1-6Tables 1–6 are available
as Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened
hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material
for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the
reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
Purposes of Examination 5
Apparatus 6
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
Examination of Samples 9
Specimen Preparation 10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Paste Features 13
Report 14
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for
information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017March 1, 2018. Published March 2017April 2018. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20142017 as C856
– 14.17. DOI: 10.1520/C0856-17.10.1520/C0856-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C856 − 18
5
TABLE 1 Visual Examination of Concrete (1)
Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Matrix + Air + Embedded Items
Composition:
A
Maximum dimension, in. or
mm, in the range> d>
Type: Type: color, by comparison with more than 3 % of total, Type, size, location;
National Research kinds of metal; other
Council Rock Color items
Chart (1963)
1 Gravel 1 Natural sand predominantly in spherical
2 Crushed stone 2 Manufactured sand color distribution: voids?
3 Mixed 1 and 2 3 Mixed 1 mottl
...
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