ASTM D8377-21a
(Guide)Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form.
Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.
5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations, which should be included in testing graphite specimens impregnated with molten salt at elevated temperature.
5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten salt.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Jun-2021
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Relations
- Refers
ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants - Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2023
- Refers
ASTM D4175-23e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants - Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2011
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2010
Overview
ASTM D8377-21a: Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt provides best practices for assessing the strength of graphite materials that have been impregnated with molten salt, especially under conditions relevant to advanced nuclear systems. These guidelines are particularly significant for the operation and safety assessment of Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), where graphite is commonly used as a reflector and structural component and is exposed to molten salt for extended periods. Understanding the impact of salt impregnation and high-temperature operation on the mechanical properties of graphite is essential for optimal reactor design and safe operation.
Key Topics
Purpose and Scope
- Covers guidance for measuring the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of molten salt-impregnated graphite at elevated temperatures.
- Focuses on replicating reactor operating conditions to ensure testing relevance.
- Stresses the need for SI units throughout measurement and reporting.
Significance
- Accurate strength testing after salt impregnation and at high temperatures is critical for evaluating graphite performance and integrity in MSRs.
- Recognizes how salt permeation may alter graphite’s thermal and mechanical properties, potentially affecting reactor safety.
- Highlights the necessity to understand any chemical interactions between graphite and the selected molten salt before conducting tests.
Test Configuration
- Discusses specimen preparation, impregnation, storage, and transfer protocols to retain sample integrity.
- Describes the testing environment: sealed, inert-gas atmospheres, regulated temperature control (within 65 °C of the test value), and safety procedures.
- Highlights relevant apparatus features: suitable loading and gripping devices, high temperature resistance, and compartment cooling to protect equipment and operators.
Applications
Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) Engineering
- Direct application for the evaluation of graphite used in reflector and structural roles within MSRs.
- Ensures designers and operators can assess graphite’s mechanical strength under reactor-like conditions before actual deployment.
Material Selection and Qualification
- Provides a benchmark for comparing unimpregnated and impregnated graphite to determine changes due to salt exposure.
- Supports manufacturers in qualifying graphite materials intended for high-temperature and corrosive environments.
Regulatory Compliance and Safety Analysis
- Assists operators in meeting nuclear industry requirements for pre-use testing and documentation of core materials.
- Encourages adoption of consistent, internationally recognized test methods to support safety case submissions and technical evaluations.
Related Standards
For comprehensive evaluation and compatibility, ASTM D8377-21a references several other ASTM standards:
- C651 – Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
- C695 – Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
- C749 – Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and Graphite
- D4175 – Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- D8091 – Guide for Impregnation of Graphite with Molten Salt
- D8289 – Tensile Strength Estimate by Disc Compression of Manufactured Graphite
- E4 – Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Practical Value
Adopting ASTM D8377-21a equips engineers and operators with a systematic methodology for high temperature strength measurement of graphite exposed to molten salt, particularly in advanced nuclear reactor applications. This approach ensures the reliability, reproducibility, and safety of graphite components under demanding operational conditions, while supporting regulatory compliance and material innovation in the nuclear energy sector.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D8377-21a is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance. Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed. 5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form. Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty. 5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations, which should be included in testing graphite specimens impregnated with molten salt at elevated temperature. 5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the... SCOPE 1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten salt. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance. Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed. 5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form. Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty. 5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations, which should be included in testing graphite specimens impregnated with molten salt at elevated temperature. 5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the... SCOPE 1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten salt. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D8377-21a is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 27.120.10 - Reactor engineering; 27.120.30 - Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology; 71.060.10 - Chemical elements. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D8377-21a has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D4175-23a, ASTM D4175-23e1, ASTM C651-20, ASTM C749-15(2020), ASTM D8289-20, ASTM D8289-19, ASTM C749-15, ASTM C651-15, ASTM C695-15, ASTM E4-14, ASTM C651-13, ASTM C749-13, ASTM C651-11, ASTM E4-10, ASTM C695-91(2010). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D8377-21a is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8377 − 21a
Standard Guide for
High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite
Impregnated with Molten Salt
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8377; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Compression of Manufactured Graphite
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength mea-
surements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated
3. Terminology
with molten salt.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Terminology D4175.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
4. Summary of Guide
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 There is currently a set of ASTM standards as stated in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.1 that can be applied to graphite for different strength
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measurements (Test Methods C651, C695, C749, D8289).
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Each of these standards has been developed specifically to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
provide a method of measurement for graphite as a single
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
material. However, in some applications such as in molten salt
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
reactors, graphite components are submerged in a molten salt.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
In order to assess the effect of molten salt on graphite
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
components, a method may be necessary for the measurement
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of strength for graphite specimens both impregnated with
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
molten salt and at elevated temperatures (see Section 6). The
objective of this guide is to provide advice on the application
2. Referenced Documents
of selected standards for graphite specimens impregnated with
2.1 ASTM Standards:
molten salt and tested at elevated temperatures. This includes
C651 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured
transportation of graphite specimens impregnated with molten
CarbonandGraphiteArticlesUsingFour-PointLoadingat
salt, temperature measurement, equipment for measuring
Room Temperature
compressive, tensile, or flexural strength at elevated
C695 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and
temperature, and safe handling of the molten salt.
Graphite
C749 Test Method for Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and
5. Significance and Use
Graphite
5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as
Fuels, and Lubricants
coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the
D8091 Guide for Impregnation of Graphite with Molten Salt
molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous
D8289 Test Method for Tensile Strength Estimate by Disc
structureofgraphitemayleadtomoltensaltpermeation,which
can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impreg-
mittee D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
nation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved
environment in a range of test configurations in order for
in 2021. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D8377 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/
D8377-21A.
designers or operators to assess their performance.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
NOTE 1—Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect
the ASTM website. properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8377 − 21a
any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and
environment in which to perform the elevated temperature
any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.
strength measurement.
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite
7.1.2 The loading device should conform to Practice E4 and
specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However,
to the requirements for speed of testing prescribed in the
for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the
associated ASTM standards listed in 2.1 (Test Methods C651,
reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt,
C695, C749, D8289).
and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature.
7.1.2.1 The loading device should be qualified by measure-
Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be
ments of strength at room temperature using the same as-
representative of the performance of the material at its true
sembled machine, pull rods, and grips used for high tempera-
operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the
ture testing. The specimen shape and size for qualification
strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid
should be the same as that used during the elevated-
form.
temperature tests.
7.1.2.2 Gripping devices and pull rods may oxidize, warp,
NOTE 2—Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite
and creep with repeated use at elevated temperature. This may
strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant
operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.
lead to increased bending stresses in the specimen. Therefore,
grips and pull rods should be periodically retested for axiality
5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations,
and reworked when necessary. High temperature alloys or SiC
which should be included in testing graphite specimens im-
composites may be used to manufacture the gripping devices
pregnated with molten salt at elevated temperature.
and pull rods.
5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the test material
7.1.3 The testing compartment provides a sealed space for
must have been impregnated at the reactor operating tempera-
specimen testing in an inert gas environment. The testing
ture of interest and the strength measurement conducted at the
compartment should have a cooling system to maintain the
same temperature following this guide. The user must consider
housing at an appropriate temperature. A high temperature
the effect of interaction between graphite and impregnated salt
furnace is used in the testing compartment to heat up the
on the representativeness of the strength test based upon the
specimen. Temperature-measuring apparatus should be used to
heating and cooling stages between impregnation and testing.
measure the temperature and a vacuum pu
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8377 − 21 D8377 − 21a
Standard Guide for
High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite
Impregnated with Molten Salt
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8377; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten
salt.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C651 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room
Temperature
C695 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite
C749 Test Method for Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and Graphite
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D8091 Guide for Impregnation of Graphite with Molten Salt
D8289 Test Method for Tensile Strength Estimate by Disc Compression of Manufactured Graphite
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D4175.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 There is currently a set of ASTM standards as stated in 2.1 that can be applied to graphite for different strength measurements
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021July 1, 2021. Published January 2021July 2021. Originally approved in 2021. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D8377 – 21.
DOI: 10.1520/D8377-21.10.1520/D8377-21A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8377 − 21a
(Test Methods C651, C695, C749, D8289). Each of these standards has been developed specifically to provide a method of
measurement for graphite as a single material. However, in some applications such as in molten salt reactors, graphite components
are submerged in a molten salt. In order to assess the effect of molten salt on graphite components, a method may be necessary
for the measurement of strength for graphite specimens both impregnated with molten salt and at elevated temperatures (see
Section 46). The objective of this guide is to provide advice on the application of selected standards for graphite specimens
impregnated with molten salt and tested at elevated temperatures. This includes transportation of graphite specimens impregnated
with molten salt, temperature measurement, equipment for measuring compressive, tensile, or flexural strength at elevated
temperature, and safe handling of the molten salt.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant.
The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite
may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be
necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before
exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
NOTE 1—Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect
properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any
implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten
salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will
be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance
of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where
the salt is in liquid form. Users should also be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing
temperature, and testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.
NOTE 2—Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating
temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.
5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations, which should be included in testing graphite specimens impregnated
with molten salt at elevated temperature.
5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the test material must have been impregnated at the reactor operating temperature of
interest and the strength measurement conducted at the same temperature following the guide here. this guide. The user must
consider the effect of interaction between graphite and impregnated salt on the representativeness of the strength test based upon
the heating and cooling stages between impregnation and testing.
NOTE 3—The user may wish to measure the strength of the same test geometry on unimpregnated graphite both at room temperature and at the chosen
elevated temperature as a benchmark prior to the testing of the impregnated material.
NOTE 4—The user may wish to demonstrate that the impregnated test specimen does not lose molten salt during the elevated strength test procedure. This
should be performed by putting the impregnated specimen through the exact procedure (temperature and duration) without applying any test load,
weighing the specimen before and after the procedure. A reduction in mass will indicate loss of molten salt and the user will then need to assess its
significance.
6. Test Specimen Preparation
6.1 The specimen shape and size should be prepared in accordance with the corresponding ASTM standard listed in 2.1 for the
desired test configuration (compressive, tensile, or flexural strength measurement).
6.2 The test specimen should then be impregnated with molten salt according to Guide D8091.
6.3 After impregnation, test specimens should be stored at room temperature in a glove box with a water content of less than
1 ppm.
D8
...
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