ASTM E3053-18e2

Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining particulate matter (PM) emission rates and emission factors for wood heaters.  
5.2 This method is used in conjunction with Annex A2 for determining particulate matter (PM) emissions for Single Burn Rate heaters.  
5.3 Use of this test method in conjunction with Annex A1 and CSA B415.1 allows overall thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide emission rate, and particulate matter per unit of heat output to be determined.  
5.4 The fuel load specified in this test method is cordwood that is representative of the fuel actually burned in homes. The intent is that the results from this test method will be more predictive of in-home performance than other test methods using a lumber crib of uniform dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining average particulate matter emissions from wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts as well as options for determining heat output, efficiency, and carbon monoxide emissions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to 4.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2018
• ICS: 97.100.30 - Solid fuel heaters
• Technical Committee: E06 - Performance of Buildings
• Drafting Committee: E06.54 - Solid Fuel Burning Appliances

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E176-24 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E176-18a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM E176-18 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E2780-10(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM E2515-11(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM E176-15a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E631-15 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2015
• Refers: ASTM E631-14 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM E176-14c - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2014
• Refers: ASTM E176-14b - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E176-14a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E176-14 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2014
• Refers: ASTM E176-13 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2013

Overview

ASTM E3053-18e2 is an international standard issued by ASTM International, titled Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel. This standard establishes protocols for measuring particulate matter (PM) emissions from wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts, using cordwood that closely represents the real fuel commonly burned in residential environments. It provides a comprehensive approach to more predictive testing of wood heater emissions, supporting both regulatory compliance and real-world performance evaluations.

Key Topics

• Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Measurement
  The standard defines methods to accurately determine rates and emission factors for PM generated by wood heaters. This includes sampling protocols for different burn rate categories (high, medium, and low).

• Realistic Cordwood Test Fuel
  Unlike other test methods that employ uniform lumber cribs, ASTM E3053-18e2 specifies the use of cordwood, reflecting the fuel typically used in homes. This enhances the relevance of test results for in-home performance.

• Heater Types Covered
  Applicable to both adjustable heat output wood heaters (with user-adjustable primary combustion air controls) and single burn rate heaters (without such controls), ensuring broad industry adoption.

• Combined Efficiency and Emissions Assessment
  Used alongside Annex A1 and CSA B415.1, this method enables simultaneous evaluation of thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide (CO) emission rate, and particulate emissions per unit of heat output.

• Standardized Equipment and Calibration
  Guidance is given for calibration and use of moisture meters, scales, and temperature sensors to ensure consistency and accuracy throughout testing.

Applications

• Regulatory Compliance
  Manufacturers, test laboratories, and certification bodies use this standard to demonstrate that wood heaters meet emissions regulations for particulate matter, supporting cleaner air initiatives and public health.

• Product Development and Certification
  Companies leverage ASTM E3053-18e2 to improve wood heater designs for reduced emissions and higher efficiency, which are critical market differentiators.

• Comparative Performance Testing
  By using cordwood, test results produced through this method better predict real-world performance and user experience, assisting consumers, manufacturers, and regulators in making informed decisions.

• International Benchmarking
  Developed with reference to internationally recognized principles, including guidance from the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee, enhancing its relevance and acceptance in global markets.

Related Standards

• ASTM E2515 - Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel. Used in conjunction with E3053 for emissions sampling.
• ASTM E2780 - Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters.
• CSA B415.1 - Standard for Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-Burning Heating Appliances; complements this method for assessing overall efficiency and emission rates.
• ANSI/UL-103 - Standard for Factory-Built Chimneys for Residential Type and Building Heating Appliances.
• NIST Monograph 175 - Reference for temperature measurement calibration.
• ASTM E176 & E631 - Terminology standards relating to fire and building construction, providing technical language used throughout ASTM E3053-18e2.

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Keywords: ASTM E3053-18e2, particulate matter emissions, wood heaters, cordwood test fuel, emission factors, wood-burning appliance standards, regulatory compliance, wood heater efficiency, international standards, CSA B415.1, ASTM wood heater testing

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´2
Designation: E3053 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood
Heaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Section references in 8.4.2.3 were corrected editorially in October 2018.
ε NOTE—Section references in 8.5.1 were corrected editorially in April 2022.
1. Scope E2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
E2780 Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter
protocol for determining average particulate matter emissions
Emissions from Wood Heaters
from wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace
2.2 Other Standards:
inserts as well as options for determining heat output,
ANSI/UL-103 Standard for Factory-Built Chimneys for
efficiency, and carbon monoxide emissions.
Residential Type and Building Heating Appliances
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
CSAB415.1 Performance testing of solid-fuel-burning heat-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 4
ing appliances
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
NIST Monograph 175 Temperature-Electromotive Force
and are not considered standard.
Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NIST 105-1: Specifications and Tolerances for Field Stan-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dard Weights (NIST Class F)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2.3 ASTM Adjunct:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Adjunct to ASTM E3053, Excel Files for Cordwood
Refer to 4.3.
Calculator and Wood Heater Cordwood Test Summary
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3. Terminology
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 Definitions:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to building
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
construction used in this test method, refer to Terminology
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
E631.
3.1.2 For definitions of general terms related to fire testing
2. Referenced Documents
used in this test method, refer to Terminology E176.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D7438 Practice for Field Calibration and Application of 3.2.1 burn rate, n—the rate at which fuel is consumed in a
Hand-Held Moisture Meters wood heater.
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
3.2.2 combustion air control, n—an air control device that
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intended to
promote pyrolysis of the fuel load.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54 Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances. WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originally Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E3053–17. DOI: Toronto, ON, Canada M9W 1R3, http://www.csagroup.org.
10.1520/E3053-18E02. Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ADJE305317-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2017.
the ASTM website. Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E3053 − 18
3.2.3 cordwood, n—conventional firewood, it is typically 3.2.11.1 Discussion—Includes recommended kindling,
round wood 12 to 24 in. (300 to 600 mm) long that has been fueling, and operating procedures that will help the heater user
split into triangular, half-round, quarter-round, wedge-shaped, to achieve the best heater emissions and efficiency perfor-
or trapezoidal segments. mance. It also is referred to as the installation and operation
guide or other equivalent title.
3.2.4 firebox, n—the chamber in the wood heater in which
the test fuel load is placed and combusted.
3.2.12 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
resulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this test
3.2.5 firebox height, n—unless otherwise specified in the
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
manufacturer’s written instructions included with the heater,
E2515.
firebox height is the vertical distance extending above the
loading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, but
3.2.13 primary combustion air control(s), n—an air control
not more than 2 in. (50 mm) above the top (peak height) of the device (s) that regulates airflow to the wood heater that is
loading door, to the floor of the firebox, (that is, below a
primarily intended to regulate the rate of fuel consumption and
permanent grate) if the grate allows a 1-in. (25-mm) diameter heat output.
piece of fuel to pass through the grate, or, if not, to the top of
3.2.13.1 Discussion—There may be single, multiple, or
the grate.
automatic primary air controls.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Firebox height is not necessarily uni-
3.2.14 residual start-up fuel, n—leftover fuel present in the
form. Variations are caused by internal baffles, air channels, or
firebox at the time the test fuel load is added during high fire
other permanent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmark
test runs.
within the firebox that will provide a clear indication to the
3.2.14.1 Discussion—May include charcoal and partially
heater user of the maximum height that fuel should be loaded,
burned or unburned kindling and/or start-up fuel.
and is specifically referenced in the manufacturer’s written
3.2.15 secondary combustion air control(s), n—an air con-
instructions, may be used to determine firebox height for the
trol device(s) that regulates airflow to the wood heater that is
purposes of calculating usable firebox volume.
primarily intended to provide the additional oxygen needed to
3.2.6 firebox length, n—the longest horizontal firebox di-
promote secondary combustion of the combustible materials
mension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to be
released during pyrolysis of the fuel.
placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written instruc-
3.2.15.1 Discussion—There may be single, multiple, or
tions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber, in. (mm).
automatic secondary combustion air controls.
3.2.7 firebox width, n—the shortest horizontal firebox di-
3.2.16 single burn rate heater, n—wood heater without
mension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to be
user-adjustable primary combustion air control(s).
placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written instruc-
tions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber, in. (mm).
3.2.17 start-up fuel, n—split cordwood pieces intended to
provide residual fuel (charcoal or partially burned wood) for
3.2.8 fuel piece length, n—the nominal length of the cord-
ignition of the test fuel load.Applies to high fire test runs only.
wood fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel load, in. (mm).
3.2.18 test facility, n—the area in which the wood heater is
3.2.9 kindling, n—split cordwood fuel pieces used to ignite
installed, operated, and sampled for emissions and efficiency.
the start-up fuel and the test fuel load from a cold start
condition. Applies to high fire test runs only.
3.2.19 test fuel load, n—a specified grouping of test fuel
pieces.
3.2.10 manufacturer’s written instructions, n—specific in-
formation regarding the fueling and operation procedures
3.2.20 test fuel loading density, n—theweightoftheas-fired
3 3
recommended by the heater manufacturer and included with
test fuel load per unit volume of usable firebox, lb/ft (kg/m ).
the heater at the time of testing.
3.2.21 test fuel pieces, n—the individual cordwood pieces
3.2.10.1 Discussion—These instructions may include spe-
that comprise the test fuel load.
cific kindling and fueling instructions and recommendations
3.2.22 test fuel specific gravity, n—the nominal dry basis
such as kindling dimensions and placement (including news-
(oven dry weight and oven dry volume) specific gravity of test
paper)andignition,dimensionsofstart-upfuelpieces,addition
fuel load, kindling, and start-up fuel.
and placement of the start-up fuel, addition and placement of
the main fuel load, position of the load door(s), and setting
3.2.23 test fuel sub-load, n—a division of the test fuel load
heater controls (including bypass dampers, if applicable) dur-
for the sole purposes of specifying the test fuel pieces that
ing start-up and subsequent operation. Instructions for refuel-
comprise the test fuel load.
ing a hot heater when residual fuel and charcoal are present in
3.2.24 test run, n—an individual emission/efficiency test.
the firebox also may be included. These instructions must be
3.2.25 test series, n—a group of test runs on the same wood
consistent with information provided to the heater end-user in
the owner’s manual but also may include information that will heater which includes at least one test run in each burn rate
category.
be useful only during testing and not to the end-user.
3.2.11 owner’s manual, n—written information provided to 3.2.26 usable firebox volume, n—the volume of the firebox
the wood heater end-user regarding the proper installation and determinedusingitsheight,length,andwidthasdefinedinthis
3 3
operation of the wood heater. section, ft (m ).
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E3053 − 18
3.2.27 wood heater, n—an enclosed, wood burning appli- of determining particulate emission rate includes the kindling
ance capable of, and intended for, space heating and/or and start-up fuel period before the test fuel load is added to the
domestic water heating. This includes wood heaters designed firebox. The particulate emission factor lb/lb (g/kg) also may
for installation in a fireplace cavity, that is, fireplace inserts, be determined from the total particulate emissions divided by
and wood heaters that are built into a wall. Includes adjustable the dry basis weight of the total fuel weight burned and is
burn rate and single burn rate wood heaters. reported in pounds of particulate per dry pound of fuel (grams
of particulate per dry kilogram of fuel). For high fire test runs,
3.2.28 wood heater empty weight, n—the weight of the
the total test fuel weight when determining emission factor
cleaned,drywoodheaterwithorwithoutdryashorsandadded
includes any kindling and start-up fuel consumed before the
consistent with the manufacturer’s written instructions, lb (kg).
test fuel load is added less any fuel remaining at the end of the
4. Summary of Test Method test run.
4.1.6 This test method also may be used in conjunction with
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test
Annex A1 and CSA B415.1 for determining heat output and
Method E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueled by
efficiency. If heat output and efficiency are determined, par-
cordwood test fuel loads. Test runs employ either a hot-to-hot
ticulate emissions per unit of heat output also may be calcu-
cycle or a cold-to-hot cycle depending on the burn rate
lated and is reported in pounds of particulate per million Btu of
category of the test run. The test fuel pieces must be within the
heat output (grams of particulate per megajoule). For low and
allowable range of specific gravity. The test fuel load weight
medium fire test runs, the efficiency, heat output, and particu-
and composition is determined based on the usable firebox
late emissions per unit of heat output are determined on a
volume of the heater. For low and medium fire test runs, a
hot-to-hot cycle. For high fire test runs, particulate emissions
charcoal bed is established by conducting a full high fire test
are determined for the entire test run, including the cold start
run. That high fire test run may be an actual test run or may be
(kindling and start-up) portion. However, the kindling and
just for the purpose of establishing the charcoal bed for a low
start-upportionsofthetestrunareexcludedfromtheefficiency
or medium fire test run. The test fuel load is placed on the
and heat output determination. For the determination of par-
charcoal bed and given time to ignite before the air control(s)
ticulate emissions per unit of heat output, a different approach
is (are) set to the test run condition.
must be taken. The hot-to-hot efficiency value is applied to the
4.1.1 For the low and medium fire test runs, particulate
total fuel burned, including kindling and start-up fuel, to
emission sampling and efficiency measurements begin imme-
determine the heat output that corresponds to the measured
diately prior to addition of the test fuel load to the firebox and
emissions.
end when the test run is terminated in accordance with the
specifications in the method. 4.2 This test method may be used to measure emissions and
4.1.2 For the high fire test runs, the test run for the purposes efficiency from wood heaters with adjustable heat output rates
of determining emission rate or emission factor begins with a (user-adjustable primary air combustion controls) or “Single
cold (see 8.5.1) empty (see 8.2.1) firebox. Kindling (and Burn Rate” wood heaters (no user adjustable primary combus-
crumpled newspaper, if specified) are used to ignite start-up tion air controls).Atest series for wood heaters with adjustable
fuel pieces which, in turn, are used to ignite the test fuel load
primary combustion air controls shall include at least one test
following manufacturer’s written instructions. Particulate run from each of the three burn rate categories: high fire,
emission sampling begins before the kindling is ignited and
medium fire, and low fire. For single burn rate wood heaters, a
ends when the test run is terminated in accordance with the testseriesshallincludeatleastonetestinthehighfirecategory
specifications in the method.
and at least one test in the low fire category. In the case of the
4.1.3 For low fire, medium fire, and high fire test runs, low fire test, all references to use of primary combustion air
efficiency is determined on a hot-to-hot cycle and efficiency
controls,burnduration,andburnrateshallbedisregardedsince
parameter measurements begin when the test fuel load is added single burn rate heaters have no user-adjustable primary air
to the firebox and end when the test run is terminated in controls.
accordance with the specifications in the method.
4.3 Warning—This test method may involve hazardous
4.1.4 For low fire, medium fire, and high fire test runs,
materials, operations, and equipment.
average burn rate is determined on a hot-to-hot basis and is
based on the weight of the portion of the test fuel load burned
5. Significance and Use
during the test run divided by the duration of the test run
5.1 This test method is used for determining particulate
beginning when the test fuel load is added to the firebox and
matter (PM) emission rates and emission factors for wood
ending when the test run is terminated. Burn rate for all test
heaters.
runs is adjusted to a dry fuel weight basis.
4.1.5 The total particulate emissions are determined over
5.2 This method is used in conjunction with Annex A2 for
the test run duration. The particulate emissions rate is then
determining particulate matter (PM) emissions for Single Burn
determined from the total particulate emissions divided by the
Rate heaters.
duration of the test run and is reported in grams of particulate
5.3 Use of this test method in conjunction with Annex A1
perhour.Thetestrundurationforthehighfiretestforpurposes
and CSA B415.1 allows overall thermal efficiency, carbon
monoxide emission rate, and particulate matter per unit of heat
This method supersedes Test Method E2780 Annex A1. output to be determined.
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E3053 − 18
5.4 The fuel load specified in this test method is cordwood calibration weight within 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) or 1 % of the
that is representative of the fuel actually burned in homes. The expected test fuel load weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate
intent is that the results from this test method will be more the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
predictive of in-home performance than other test methods spanning the operational range of the scale.
using a lumber crib of uniform dimensions.
7.3 Test Fuel Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
least five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuel
6. Equipment and Supplies
scale before its initial use.The scale manufacturer’s calibration
6.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrated electrical resistance
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
meter capable of measuring test fuel moisture content with an
test run, audit the scale by weighing at least one calibration
accuracy of 62 % moisture content dry basis. Must meet the
weight (NIST 105-1 Class F) that corresponds to between 20
calibration requirements specified in 7.1.
and 80 % of either the expected test fuel piece weight or test
fuel load weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the
6.2 Test Fuel Scale—Ascalecapableofweighingtestfuelto
calibration weight within 0.01 lb (0.005 kg) or 1 % of the
within 60.01 lb (0.005 kg). Must meet the calibration require-
expected test fuel load weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate
ments specified in 7.3.
the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
6.3 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
spanning the operational range of the scale.
wood heater and attached chimney, including the weight of the
test fuel, to within 60.1 lb (0.05 kg). Must meet the calibration 7.4 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
requirements specified in 7.2. ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-
annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with
6.4 Wood Heater Flue Gas Temperature Measurement
NIST Monograph 175 Temperature-Electromotive Force Ref-
Device—A0.125-in. (3.2-mm) diameter sheathed, non-isolated
erence Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Ther-
junction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gas
mocouple Types Based on the ITS-90.
temperature with an accuracy of 64.0 °F (2.2 °C) or 60.75 %
of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibration
8. Procedure
requirements specified in 7.4.
8.1 Pre-conditioning of the Wood Heater—The wood heater
6.5 Wood Heater Surface Temperature Measuring
mustbepre-conditionedbeforeatestseriesbeginsaccordingto
Device—A temperature sensor capable of measuring surface
the following steps:
temperatureswithanaccuracyof 64.0 °F(2.2 °C)or 60.75 %
8.1.1 Set up the wood heater in accordance with the
of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibration
manufacturer’s written instructions. This includes adding dry
requirements specified in 7.4.
sand or dry ash to the bottom of the firebox, if applicable.
6.6 Catalytic Combustor Exit Temperature Measuring
8.1.2 The total height of chimney when measured from the
Device—A temperature sensor capable of measuring the tem-
floor or top of the platform scale (if the wood heater is on the
perature of the gases exiting the catalytic combustor in a
platform scale) shall be 15 6 1 ft (4.6 6 0.3 m).
catalyst equipped heater with an accuracy of 64.0 °F (2.2 °C)
8.1.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
or 60.75 % of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet
the center of the flue, 8.0 6 0.5 ft (2.44 6 0.15 m) above the
calibration requirements specified in 7.4.
floor or top of the platform scale. For catalyst-equipped
6.7 Insulated Solid Pack Chimney—Chimney used for in-
heaters, install a catalytic combustor exit temperature measure-
stallation of wood heater in the test facility. Solid pack
ment device at the centroid of the catalytic combustor exit face
insulated chimneys shall have a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm)
and within 1 in. (25 mm) downstream of the catalytic combus-
solid pack insulating material surrounding the entire flue and
tor exit face. The centroid of catalytic combustor exit is a 2-in.
possess a label demonstrating conformance to ANSI/UL-103
(50-mm) diameter area around the geometric center of the
Standard for Factory-Built Chimneys for Residential Type and
catalytic combustor exit face. For circular shapes, the geomet-
Building Heating Appliances.
ric center is the center of the circle. For rectangular shapes, the
geometric center is the intersection of the two diagonal lines
7. Calibration and Standardization
from opposite corners.
7.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrate in accordance with the
8.1.4 Operate the wood heater for at least 50 h at a medium
manufacturer’s instructions before each certification test run.
combustion air setting using fuel meeting the specifications in
Additional information regarding wood moisture meter cali-
8.4 or with any type of untreated wood with a moisture content
brations can be found in Practice D7438.
between 18 and 28 % dry basis. Untreated wood is wood fuel
7.2 Platform Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at that has never been chemically treated (including pressure
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)oftheplatform treating, painting, or staining) or that has not been exposed to
scale before its initial use.The scale manufacturer’s calibration saltwater.Thehoursofoperationdonotneedtobecontinuous.
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification The conditioning may be conducted at the manufacturer’s
test run, audit the scale with the test wood heater in place by facility as long as full documentation for 8.1.5 – 8.1.7 is
weighing at least one calibration weight (NIST 105-1 Class F) provided to the laboratory for inclusion in the test report. The
that corresponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test manufacturer’s test equipment must meet the applicable re-
fuel load weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the quirements in Sections 6 and 7.
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E3053 − 18
8.1.5 Record the time, weight, and moisture content for all 8.4 Fuel:
fuel added.
8.4.1 Test Fuel Load Requirements:
8.1.6 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once during
8.4.1.1 The nominal test fuel load weight shall be deter-
each hour of operation.
mined by multiplying the Usable Firebox Volume (UFV) per
8.1.7 For catalyst-equipped wood heaters, record the hourly
8.3 times the specified nominal load density for the applicable
catalytic combustor exit temperature.
test run (Low, High, or Medium Fire) per 8.5 or 8.6.
8.1.8 Allow the wood heater to cool to room temperature
8.4.1.2 For the sole purpose of determining the overall
and remove all unburned wood, charcoal, ash, or other debris
composition of the test fuel load, the test fuel load shall be
from the firebox.
considered to be comprised of two sub-loads. Once determined
8.1.9 Clean the chimney using a standard chimney brush
andassembled,thetwosub-loadsarecombinedtoformthetest
appropriately sized for the chimney.
fuel load that will be added to the firebox during the test run in
accordance with the requirements of 8.5.9.3 or 8.6.5.
8.2 Install the wood heater in the test facility.
8.4.1.3 The core sub-load is comprised of three fuel pieces
8.2.1 Set up the wood heater in accordance with the
with a combined weight between 45 and 65 % of the nominal
manufacturer’s written instructions. This includes adding dry
test fuel load weight.The allowable weight range for each core
sand or dry ash to the bottom of the firebox, if applicable.
sub-load fuel piece shall be 15 to 25 % of the nominal test fuel
8.2.2 Place the wood heater centrally on the platform scale.
load weight. Each of the three core sub-load fuel pieces shall
8.2.3 The venting shall consist of single wall steel flue pipe
fall within that calculated core fuel piece weight range.
extending to 8.5 6 0.5 ft (2.6 6 0.1 m) above the top of the
8.4.1.4 For the low fire test and medium fire tests, the
platform scale, and above this level, insulated solid pack type
remainder fuel sub-load shall be comprised of two or three fuel
chimney extending to 15 6 1 ft (4.6 6 0.3 m) above the
3 3
piecesforheaterswithUFVs≤3.0ft (0.08m )orthreeorfour
platform scale, and of the size specified in the manufacturer’s
3 3
fuel pieces for heaters with UFVs >3.0 ft (0.08 m ). The total
written instructions. This applies to both freestanding and
remaindersub-loadweightshallbebetween35and55 %ofthe
fireplace insert type wood heaters. Do not install a chimney
nominal test fuel load weight. The allowable weight for each
cap.
remainder sub-load fuel piece shall be 10 to 30 % of the
8.2.3.1 Other chimney types (for example, solid pack insu-
3 3
nominal test fuel load for heaters with UFVs≤3.0 ft (0.08 m )
latedpipeordoublewallfluepipe)shallbeusedinplaceofthe
and 10 to 20 % of the nominal test fuel load weight for heaters
steel flue pipe if the wood heater manufacturer’s written
3 3
with UFVs >3.0 ft (0.08 m ).
appliance specifications require such chimney for home instal-
8.4.1.5 For the low and medium fire tests, the smallest fuel
lation. The flue pipe and chimney used for testing shall be
piece in the remainder sub-load shall not exceed 67 % of the
documented in the test data and test report.
weight of the largest fuel piece in the remainder sub-load.
8.2.4 Locate wood heater surface temperature measuring
devices at five locations on the wood heater firebox exterior 8.4.1.6 For the high fire test, the remainder fuel sub-load
shallbecomprisedofuptothreefuelpiecesforallheaters.The
surface. Position the temperature monitors centrally on the top
surface, on two sidewall surfaces, and on the bottom and back total remainder sub-load weight shall be between 35 and 55 %
surfaces. Position the monitor sensing tip on the firebox of the nominal test fuel load weight. The minimum allowable
exterior surface inside of any heat shield, air circulation walls, weight for each remainder sub-load fuel piece shall be 10 % of
or other wall or shield separated from the firebox exterior the nominal load weight.
surface.
8.4.1.7 The maximum allowable weight for each remainder
8.2.4.1 Thewoodheaterfireboxsurfacetemperaturesensors
sub-load fuel piece shall be 55 % of the nominal load weight.
maybewiredtogetherinaparallelcircuitthatprovidesasingle
8.4.1.8 Record the total test fuel load weight. The total test
reading of the average firebox surface temperature in lieu of
fuel load weight (core sub-load plus remainder sub-loads) shall
recording individual readings. To get a true average
be between 95 and 105 % of the nominal test fuel load weight
temperature, the thermocouples must be the same length or
for all test runs.
have the same resistance.
8.4.1.9 All test fuel load and piece weight determinations
8.2.5 Center the flue outlet (chimney) under the dilution
shall be on the as-fired or wet basis.
tunnel hood. Refer to Test Method E2515 for specific require-
8.4.1.10 Thetestfuelpieceminordimensionshallbe≥40 %
ments including positioning the flue outlet to meet induced
of the major dimension for each piece of test fuel. See Fig. 1A
draft and smoke capture requirements.
andFig.1B.Themajordimensionisthelongestcross-sectional
8.2.6 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
dimension that can be measured on either end of the test fuel
the center of the flue, 8.0 6 0.5 ft (2.44 6 0.15 m) above the
piece.Theminordimensionisthelongestdimensionofthetest
top of the platform scale.
fuel piece measured on a line perpendicular to the major
8.2.7 Photograph or video the completed test installation
dimension. Dimensional measurements must be made within
(including venting) showing front, rear, and side views.
the perimeter of the ends of the fuel piece. A MS Excel
Spreadsheet fuel load calculator is available as an adjunct to
8.3 Usable Firebox Volume Determination—Determine the
3 3
this standard.
firebox volume, ft (m ), using the definitions for firebox
8.4.2 Fuel Properties:
height, width, and length in Section 3. Follow the manufactur-
er’s written instructions for where fuel should or should not be 8.4.2.1 Fuel Species and Properties—Test fuel load,
placed in the firebox when determining usable firebox volume. kindling, and start-up fuel pieces shall be species of cordwood
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FIG. 1 A and 1B Dimensions of Test Fuel Pieces
with a specific gravity range of 0.48 to 0.73 on a dry basis sideshallbeconsideredtobecomprisedoftwoequalsidesand
(oven dry weight/oven dry volume). See Fig. 2 for examples of
moisture readings taken accordingly. For fuel pieces with
some fuel species that typically meet the specific gravity geometries that do not directly allow application of the
requirement. Other fuel species may be used if they meet the
measurement location criteria, measurements should be taken
specific gravity requirement. Only cordwood pieces that are
at locations that best meet the intent of this section. The
free of decay, fungus, and loose bark shall be used.
average moisture content for each test fuel piece shall be in the
8.4.2.2 Test Fuel Load Moisture Content—Using a fuel
range of 18 to 28 % on a dry basis. The average moisture
moisturemeterasspecifiedin6.1ofthetestmethod,determine
content of the test fuel load shall be in the range of 19.0 to
the fuel moisture content for each test fuel piece used for the
25.0 % on a dry basis. Moisture shall not be added to
test fuel load by averaging at least three fuel moisture meter
previously dried fuel pieces except by storage under high
readings measured parallel to the wood grain for each test fuel
humidity conditions and temperature up to 100 ºF (38 °C).Test
piece. One measurement each from two different sides shall be
fuel load moisture content shall be determined within4hof
madeatapproximately3in.(75mm)fromoppositeendsofthe
using the fuel for a test.
fuel piece. One additional reading shall be made at approxi-
8.4.2.3 Start-up Fuel Moisture Content—Start-up fuel
mately the center of a third side. Penetration of the moisture
pieces may be split from larger fuel pieces that have had
meter insulated electrodes for these three readings shall be ⁄5
average moisture content determined using the procedure in
to ⁄4 of the thickness of the fuel piece. For fuel pieces with
8.4.2.2. Moisture content for individual start-up fuel pieces
tightly adhered thick bark (defined as more than ⁄8 in.
also may be determined using the procedure per 8.4.2.2.
(3.2 mm) thick), the thickness of the bark shall be added to the
Average start-up fuel moisture content shall be in the same
electrode penetration depth or the bark shall be locally re-
allowable range as the test fuel load. Start-up fuel moisture
moved in the area where the moisture readings are taken. If
content shall be determined within4hof using the fuel for a
more than three moisture readings are taken on any test fuel
test.
piece, the additional readings shall be dispersed as evenly as
8.4.2.4 Kindling Moisture Content Determination—
practicable among all fuel piece sides and in proportion to the
locations of the three required readings. Holes for the moisture Kindling that is stored under ambient conditions of 70 6 10 °F
and Relative Humidity of 50 6 10 % for at least 48 h may be
meter pins may be pre-drilled to the measurement depth minus
at least ⁄4 in. (6.4 mm). For half-round fuel pieces, the curved assumed to have a moisture content of 10 % dry basis.
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FIG. 2 Specific Gravity of Commercially Imported Species of Wood Based on Oven-Dry Weight and Oven-Dry Volume
8.4.2.5 Alternative Kindling Moisture Content three weeks before use. See Note 1 for guidance on achieving
Determinations—Kindling moisture content may be deter- and maintaining more uniform moisture distribution.
mined by measurement.The average moisture content for each
NOTE 1—Once split cordwood pieces have dried to an average moisture
kindling piece shall be between 6 and 12 % dry basis. Kindling
content that is near the top of the allowable moisture content range, to
moisture content shall be determined within4hof using the
maintain fuel within the allowable moisture content range, storage at a
kindling for a test unless the kindling has been stored under
relative humidity of 95 % or higher and temperature of 90 to 100 ºF (32
cover and under ambient conditions per 8.4.2.4 for at least four
to 38 °C) is necessary. An air circulation means within the storage area
months before use. In that case, the kindling moisture may be will reduce the likelihood of fungus or mold growth on the fuel pieces. In
addition, storage at these conditions for a period of several weeks or
measured within 24 h of the start of the test run. There are two
longer generally results in more uniform moisture content distribution
alternative methods for determining kindling moisture content:
throughout the fuel pieces and thus improves the accuracy of the moisture
(1) Measure the moisture content of each kindling piece.
content measurement.
One moisture meter reading for each kindling piece, measured
8.4.2.7 Fuel Temperature—The test fuel piece temperature
parallel to the wood grain, is sufficient. Penetration depth for
shall be within the allowable test facility temperature range as
the moisture meter pins shall be in accordance with 8.4.2.2.In
per Test Method E2515. The fuel temperature may be deter-
lieu of the insulated pins required for measuring moisture in
minedbymeasuringthetemperatureoftheroomwherethetest
typical cordwood fuel pieces, uninsulated pins may be used
fuel has been stored for at least 24 h prior to the fuel moisture
when measuring individual kindling piece moisture. All read-
determination.
ingsfromallkindlingpiecesshallbeaveragedtodeterminethe
average kindling moisture.
8.4.2.8 Cordwood Test Fuel Piece Length—The nominal
(2) Measure the moisture content of each piece of fuel that
test fuel piece length used shall be in accordance with the
issplitintokindling.Theaveragemoisturecontentforkindling
manufacturer’s written instructions.All test fuel pieces shall be
split from a larger fuel piece may be assumed to be the same as
the nominal length 61 in. (25 mm). See Fig. 1A and Fig. 1B.
the average moisture content of the larger piece measured in
8.5 High Fire Test Category:
accordance with the procedure in 8.4.2.2.
8.5.1 Start-up Conditions—Applianceoperationforthehigh
8.4.2.6 Fuel Conditioning—Cordwood, including that to be
fire test category employs a cold start. The average heater
used for start-up fuel, may be partially dried at an elevated
temperature up to 140 °F until the average dry basis moisture surface temperature per 8.2.4 and flue-gas temperature per
content reaches ~30 % (dry basis). Cordwood dried in this 8.2.6 at the start of the test run shall be less than 10 °F (5 °C)
manner must be allowed to equilibrate after drying for at least above ambient.
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8.5.2 High Fire Test Primary Combustion Air Control on a wet basis. Start-up fuel pieces may be positioned or
Setting—The primary combustion air control(s) shall be at the repositioned as needed to ensure good ignition. Start-up fuel
highest setting(s) at all times during the high fire test run. may be added with the kindling or after the kindling is ignited
in accordance with the manufacturer’s written instructions.
8.5.3 Other manual air control(s) shall be set at the posi-
tion(s) in accordance with the manufacturer’s written instruc-
8.5.8 Residual Start-up Fuel Bed Weight—The residual
tions. Automatically operated controls shall be allowed to
start-up fuel weight when the test fuel load is added shall be 10
operate as designed.
to 20 % of the actual test fuel load weight–wet basis. For
8.5.4 The nominal test fuel load density for the high fire test purposes of this test method, the moisture content of the
3 3
runs shall be 10 lb of test fuel per ft (161 kg/m ) of usable
residual start-up fuel when the test fuel load is added shall be
firebox volume. assumed to be 0 %.
8.5.4.1 Exception—Every effort shall be made to achieve
8.5.9 High Fire Test Run:
the required test fuel load density including adjustment of the
8.5.9.1 Record the weight of the cleaned, dry wood heater
sizesofindividualtestfuelpieces(withintherangesallowedin
(including the chimney per 8.2.3) within 5 min before adding
8.4.1), starting the test run within 0.2 lb (0.1 kg) of the
the kindling to the firebox.
minimum allowed residual start-up fuel bed weight per 8.5.8
8.5.9.2 Before igniting the kindling, record all wood heater
and with a test fuel load weight within 0.5 lb (0.2 kg) of the
individual surface temperatures (or the average of the indi-
minimum allowable test fuel load weight per 8.5.4 and 8.4.1.8.
vidual surface temperatures) and the flue gas temperature (see
However, if the minimum test fuel load density per 8.4.1.8
8.5.1), catalyst temperature, if applicable, initial sampling
cannot be achieved due to insurmountable firebox loading
method measurement values, photograph the kindling/start-up
problems (for example, there is no room for the last fuel piece
fuel configuration in the firebox, and begin the particulate
no matter what combination of allowable fuel piece sizes,
emission sampling in accordance with Test Method E2515.
minimizing residual start-up fuel weight, and/or minimizing
Ignition of the kindling shall begin within 30 s after starting
testfuelloadweightistried),thenatureoftheloadingproblem
emission sampling.
shall be documented including: photographs, the weight of the
(1) Follow the manufacturer’s written instructions for the
fuel piece(s) that could not be added to the firebox, the actual
position of the load door during the kindling and/or start-up
load density that was achieved for the test run, and any other
portion of the test run. Document the position or positions with
information that can help justify employment of the exception.
a linear measurement from the fully closed position.
8.5.5 Follow the manufacturer’s written instructions for
8.5.9.3 When the kindling and start-up fuel have been
kindling size, placement in the firebox (including crumpled
consumed to leave a residual start-up fuel bed weight as
newspaper), and ignition for the addition and placement of the
specified in 8.5.8, the residual start-up fuel bed may be
start-up fuel, for addition and placement of the test fuel load,
adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer’s written instruc-
for position of the load door(s), and for setting heater controls
tions. In the absence of written instructions, the residual
(including bypass dampers, if applicable) during start-up with
start-up fuel bed may be leveled, if necessary, to allow room
the following conditions:
for the test fuel load. Provide a detailed written description and
8.5.5.1 If the manufacturer’s written instructions recom-
photographorvideooftheresidualstart-upfuelbedbeforeand
mendorallowtheuseofaportablehand-heldhomeowner-type
after any adjustments. Record the weight of the fuel remaining,
gas torch for ignition purposes, the use of the torch is allowed
photograph or video the residual fuel bed, tare the platform
but limited to a total of 60 s.
scale, or record the starting weight, begin CSA B415.1 sam-
8.5.5.2 Every effort shall be made to minimize smoke
pling and add the test fuel load in accordance with the
spillage from the fuel load door(s), when open.
manufacturer’s written instructions. Record the weight after
8.5.5.3 For wood heaters that include an automatic ignition
the test fuel load is added. Because some fuel weight may be
system (such as a gas ignition burner or electric ignition
consumed during the allowable test fuel load time, the initial
heating element) or other supplemental energy input system,
recorded test fuel load weight shall be the weight determined
the ignition system or other supplemental energy system shall
per 8.4.1.8. Photograph or video the test fuel load before and
be operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
after it is placed in the firebox. The maximum allowable time
instructions. The energy input value from the ignition system
for loading the test fuel load into the wood heater is equal to
or other supplemental energy system after the test fuel load is
3 3
30 s⁄ft (1060 s/m ) of usable firebox volume but not less than
addedshallbemeasuredandaddedtothetotalenergyinputfor
60 s.
the purpose of determining overall efficiency. For gas ignition
systems or for gas supplemental energy systems, the impact on
NOTE2—Ifthedefaultprocedureforresidualstart-upfueladjustmentis
employed, examples of residual start-up fuel adjustments that are not
the determination of heat output and efficiency using the CSA
allowed include creating furrows or ridges or angling.
B415.1 stack loss method per AnnexA1 shall be accounted for
in the efficiency determination and reported.
8.5.9.4 The fuel load door may be placed in a position other
8.5.6 Kindling—The kindling to ignite the start-up fuel
thanfullyclosedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’swritten
pieces and test fuel load may be up to 20 % of the test fuel load
instructions (for example, open 1 in.) for up to 5 min after the
weight on a wet basis.
maximum load time. Fuel load adjustments may be made as
8.5.7 Start-up Fuel—The start-up fuel is in addition to the needed during that same 5-min period to ensure that fuel load
testfuelloadandmaybeupto30 %ofthetestfuelloadweight ignition is achieved.
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E3053 − 18
8.5.9.5 Additional test fuel load adjustments may be made. the heater may be lower if the heater is operated without a heat
The time used to make any fuel adjustment shall be less than exchange blower or with the heat exchange blower turned off.
30 s for each adjustment. Any fuel adjustments must be 8.5.9.10 High Fire Test Run Effıciency, Heat Output, and
documented and justified in the test report. Carbon Monoxide Emission Rate Determination—The high
fire test run overall efficiency, heat output, and carbon monox-
(1) The test fuel load pieces may be adjusted once (that is,
repositioned)until15minafterthemaximumloadtimeoruntil ide emission rate shall be determined in accordance with
Annex A1.
15 % of the test fuel load weight (wet basis) has been
consumed, whichever is less. Provide a detailed written de-
8.6 Low and Medium Fire Test Runs:
scription or photograph or video of the fuel load in the firebox
8.6.1 Starting Charcoal Bed Preparation—A low or me-
before and after it is adjusted.
dium fire test run may be conducted after a high fire test run is
(2) The test fuel load pieces also may be adjusted once
completed and the remaining high fire charcoal bed used for a
(that is, repositioned) during a test run if more than 60 % of the
low or medium fire test run. If a low or medium fire test run is
initial test fuel load weight has been consumed and more than
not being run after completion of a high fire test run, the
10minhaveelapsedwithoutameasurable(<0.1lb(0.05kg)or
starting charcoal bed for a low or medium fire test run shall be
1.0 % of the test fuel load weight, whichever is greater) weight
prepared using the high fire test run procedure per 8.5.2
change.Provideadetailedwrittendescriptionorphotographor
through 8.5.9.8 except Test Method E2515 and CSA B415.1
video of the fuel load in the firebox before and after it is
data per 8.5.9.5 is not required. The charcoal bed used for low
adjusted.
andmediumfiretestrunsshallbetheresultofasinglehighfi
...