ASTM E2780-10(2017)

Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission rates and emission factors for wood heaters.  
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.  
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.  
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from wood heaters.  
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour, grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per megajoule of heat output.  
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.  
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.  
5.3 The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumber crib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPA Method 28. Cribs were specified in EPA Method 28 to provide a reproducible and repeatable test method. In normal operation the majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood with irregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists to indicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standard yield results that are predictive of performance using cordwood fuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 which provides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided so that those interested in measuring emissions performance with cordwood will have a consistent method to follow. A comparative database using the two fueling procedures will provide data to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlate to test results using cordwood fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts as well as determining heat output and efficiency.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2017
• ICS: 97.100.30 - Solid fuel heaters
• Technical Committee: E06 - Performance of Buildings
• Drafting Committee: E06.54 - Solid Fuel Burning Appliances

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E2780-10 - Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM E2515-11(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM E631-15 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2015
• Refers: ASTM E631-14 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM E2515-11 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E2515-10 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution tunnel
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2010
• Refers: ASTM E2515-09 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution tunnel
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E2515-07 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution tunnel
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Refers: ASTM E631-06 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2006
• Refers: ASTM E631-93a(1998)e1 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 28-Jul-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E3053-18e2 - Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017

Overview

ASTM E2780-10(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters provides a comprehensive protocol for testing particulate emissions from wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts. Developed by ASTM International, this standard establishes methods for measuring emission rates, emission factors, heat output, and efficiency using specified fueling and operation procedures.

The test method supports regulatory compliance, product development, and air quality assessment by providing consistent, reproducible procedures and recognized reporting units. It also aligns with international standardization principles, making it suitable for worldwide application.

Key Topics

• Emission Testing Procedures: Outlines standardized steps to measure particulate matter emissions from wood heaters through controlled testing cycles, pre-burn procedures, test fuel loading, and data collection.
• Reporting Units: Specifies emissions data to be reported as grams of particulate per hour (g/h), grams per kilogram of dry fuel (g/kg), and grams per megajoule of heat output (g/MJ), enabling meaningful comparisons and regulatory assessments.
• Fuel Specifications: Defines fuel requirements, including the use of lumber cribs and cordwood, fuel moisture content, and dimensional standards to ensure test consistency and relevance.
• Usable Firebox Volume: Provides methodology for determining the usable firebox volume based on heater manufacturer’s instructions and standardized definitions of firebox dimensions.
• Burn Rate Categories: Requires emission testing at different burn rates-low, medium, and maximum-to reflect operational variability and ensure comprehensive evaluation.
• Data Collection and Calibration: Sets requirements for equipment calibration, surface temperature measurement, and systematic data recording to guarantee accuracy and repeatability.
• Safety and Compliance: Stresses the importance of appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices in line with national and international guidelines.

Applications

• Product Development: Manufacturers use the emission factor data from ASTM E2780-10(2017) during the design and development of wood heaters to optimize combustion performance and reduce particulate emissions.
• Regulatory Compliance: Air quality and environmental regulatory agencies employ this test method to verify that wood heaters meet established emission performance limits and standards.
• Air Quality Assessment: The emission rate results support the prediction and analysis of local air quality impacts from wood heater use, aiding policy and regulatory decisions.
• Comparative Testing: Consistent use of standardized crib fuel and test procedures facilitates comparison between different models or types of solid fuel-fired appliances.
• Consumer Information: Results from E2780-10(2017) tests can inform consumers and stakeholders about the efficiency and environmental performance of various wood heater products.
• International Recognition: By adhering to WTO principles, the standard enables harmonized testing and reporting that supports international trade and market access.

Related Standards

• EPA Method 28: Cited as the basis for the crib fuel specification in this standard, ensuring compatibility with US regulatory methods.
• ASTM E2515: Used in conjunction for particulate matter collection and calculation; essential for sampling and quantifying emissions during test runs.
• CSA B415.1: Provides additional protocols for solid-fuel-burning appliances, including heat output and efficiency measurement.
• ANSI/UL-103: Reference standard for chimney and venting requirements, ensuring safe and compatible installation during testing.
• ASTM E631: Supplies standardized terminology related to building construction and firebox components.

By following ASTM E2780-10(2017), organizations can ensure reliable, reproducible emissions data for wood-burning appliances-supporting safer products, informed regulatory decisions, and improved air quality.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2780 − 10 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood
Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Heating Appliances
EPAMethod28CertificationandAuditingofWoodHeaters
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
3. Terminology
wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
as well as determining heat output and efficiency.
in Terminology E631.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.1 burn rate, n—therateatwhichtestfuelisconsumedin
only.
awoodheater.Measuredinkilograms(lb)(drybasis)perhour.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 combustion air control, n—an air control device that
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intended
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
promote pyrolysis of the fuel load.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.2.3 Douglas fir, n—untreated, standard, or better grade
Douglasfirlumberwithagencygradestamp:D.FirorDouglas
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Fir.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.4 firebox, n—the chamber in the wood heater in which
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the test fuel charge is placed and combusted.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.5 fuel piece, n—2×4or4×4 wood pieces used to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
construct test fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width and
depthdimensionsforcommonlyavailabledimensionallumber.
2. Referenced Documents
1 1
The actual dimensions are 38 × 89 mm (1 ⁄2×3 ⁄2 in.) and 89
1 1
2.1 ASTM Standards: ×89mm(3 ⁄2×3 ⁄2 in.).
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
3.2.6 fuel piece length, n—the length of fuel pieces used to
E2515Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
construct the test fuel crib measured in mm (in.).
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
3.2.7 firebox height, n—unless otherwise specified in the
2.2 Other Standards:
manufacturer’s written instructions included with the heater,
ANSI/UL-103Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Resi-
firebox height is the vertical distance extending above the
dential Type and Building Heating Appliance
loading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, but
CSA B415.1Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-Burning
not more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of the
loadingdoor,tothefloorofthefirebox(i.e.,belowapermanent
grate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood to
1 passthroughthegrate,or,ifnot,tothetopofthegrate.Firebox
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54 height is not necessarily uniform but must account for varia-
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
tions caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other perma-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
nent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmark within the
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2780–10. DOI:
10.1520/E2780-10R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
the ASTM website. AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd., Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
Northbrook, IL 60062, http://www.ul.com. http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2780 − 10 (2017)
firebox that will provide a clear indication to the heater user of 3.2.22 test run, n—an individual emission test which en-
the maximum height that fuel should be loaded, and is compasses the time required to consume the mass of the test
specifically referenced in the manufacturer’s written fuel crib.
instructions, may be used to determine firebox height for the
3.2.23 test series, n—a group of test runs on the same wood
purposes of calculating usable firebox volume.
heater.
3.2.8 firebox length, n—the longest horizontal fire chamber
3.2.24 usable firebox volume, n—the volume of the firebox
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
determinedusingitsheight,length,andwidthasdefinedinthis
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
section.
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.
3.2.25 wood heater, n—an enclosed, wood burning appli-
3.2.9 firebox width, n—the shortest horizontal fire chamber
ancecapableofandintendedforspaceheatingand/ordomestic
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
water heating.
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.
4. Summary of Test Method
3.2.10 kindling, n—wood pieces used to initiate combustion
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test
of the pre-burn fuel. Kindling may be ignited using crumpled
Method E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueled
newspaper.
with kindling, pre-burn fuel and a test fuel load. Each test run
is a hot-to-hot cycle. Individual test runs are conducted at burn
3.2.11 manufacturer’s written instructions, n—specific in-
rates ranging from low to maximum burn rates. The fuel load
formation regarding the fueling and operation procedures
configurationisdeterminedbasedontheusablefireboxvolume
recommended by the heater manufacturer and included with
of the heater plus the firebox dimensions and geometry.
the heater.These instructions must be consistent with informa-
Kindlingandcrumplednewspaperareusedtoigniteapre-burn
tion provided to the heater end-user in the owner’s manual or
fuel load(s) that is burned to heat the wood heater to normal
equivalent.
operating temperature and to establish a charcoal bed.The test
3.2.12 owner’s manual, n—written information provided to
fuelloadisplacedonthecharcoalbedandgiventimetoignite
the heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-
before the air control(s) is (are) set to the test run condition.
mended fueling and operating procedures that will help the
When the full weight of the test fuel load has been burned, the
heater user to achieve the best heater performance. It is also
test run is terminated. Burn rate is determined based on the
referred as the installation and operation guide or other
weightofthetestfuelloaddividedbythelengthoftestrunand
equivalent title.
correctedtoadryfuelbasis.Particulatesamplingbeginsbefore
3.2.13 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
the test fuel load is added and stops when the test run
resultingfromcombustionofsolidfuel,asspecifiedinthistest
terminates.Thetotalparticulateemissionsaredeterminedover
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
the test run length. The particulate emissions rate is then
E2515.
determined from the total particulate emissions divided by the
lengthofthetestrunandisreportedingramsofparticulateper
3.2.14 pre-burn fuel, n—wood pieces used to pre-heat the
hour. The particulate emission factor may also be determined
wood heater and establish a charcoal bed prior to the test run.
from the total particulate emissions divided by the dry basis
3.2.15 secondary combustion air control, n—an air control
weight of the test fuel load and is reported in grams of
device that regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily
particulate per dry kilogram of fuel.This test method may also
intended to provide the additional oxygen needed to promote
be used in conjunction with CSAB415.1 for determining heat
secondary combustion of the combustible materials released
output and efficiency. If heat output is determined, particulate
during pyrolysis of the fuel load.
emissionsperunitofheatdeliveredmayalsobecalculatedand
3.2.16 test facility, n—the area in which the wood heater is is reported in grams of particulate per megajoule.
installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.17 test fuel crib, n—the arrangement of the test fuel
pieces and test fuel spacers. 5.1 This test method is used for determining emission rates
and emission factors for wood heaters.
3.2.18 test fuel density, n—the dry basis density of the test
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel crib.
performance during product development.
3.2.19 test fuel loading density, n—theweightoftheas-fired
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
test fuel crib per unit volume of usable firebox.
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
3.2.20 test fuel pieces, n—the individual fuel pieces (nomi- sion performance limits.
nal2×4and4×4 dimensional lumber) that comprise the test 5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
fuel crib. regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
from wood heaters.
3.2.21 test fuel spacers, n—wood pieces used to space fuel
pieces apart in the test fuel crib. Their function is to provide 5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour,
reproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces between fuel grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of
pieces. particulate per megajoule of heat output.
E2780 − 10 (2017)
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions 0.75% of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet
from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg. calibration requirements specified in 8.4.
5.2.2 Appropriatereportingunitsforpredictingatmospheric
7.7 Insulated Solid Pack Chimney—Chimney used for in-
emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
stallation of wood heater in the test facility. Solid pack
5.3 The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumber insulated chimneys shall have a minimum of 2.5 cm (1 in.)
crib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPA solid pack insulating material surrounding the entire flue and
Method 28. Cribs were specified in EPAMethod 28 to provide possess a label demonstrating conformance to ANSI/UL-103,
areproducibleandrepeatabletestmethod.Innormaloperation Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Residential Type and
the majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood with Building Heating Appliance.
irregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists to
8. Calibration and Standardization
indicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standard
yieldresultsthatarepredictiveofperformanceusingcordwood
8.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrate as in accordance with
fuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 which
the manufacturer’s instructions before each certification test.
provides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided so
8.2 Platform Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
that those interested in measuring emissions performance with
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)oftheplatform
cordwood will have a consistent method to follow.Acompara-
scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
tive database using the two fueling procedures will provide
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
data to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlate
test, audit the scale with the test wood heater in place by
to test results using cordwood fuel.
weighing at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that
corresponds to between 20 and 80% of the expected test fuel
6. Safety
charge weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the
6.1 Disclaimer—This test method may involve hazardous
calibration weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1% of the
materials,operations,andequipment.Thistestmethodmaynot
expected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
brate the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
spanning the operational range of the scale.
appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
8.3 Test Fuel Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing this
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)ofthetestfuel
test method.
scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
7. Equipment and Supplies
test, audit the scale with the wood heater in place by weighing
7.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrated electrical resistance
at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-
meter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1%
spondstobetween20and80%oftheexpectedtestfuelcharge
moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirements
weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-
specified in 8.1.
tion weight within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb) or 1% of the expected
test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the
7.2 Test Fuel Scale—Ascalecapableofweighingtestfuelto
scale before use with at least five calibration weights spanning
within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb). Must meet the calibration require-
the operational range of the scale.
ments specified in 8.3.
8.4 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
7.3 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-
wood heater and attached chimney, including the weight of the
annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with
test fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mono-
requirements specified in 8.2.
graph 175, Standard Limits of Error.
7.4 Wood heater Flue Gas Temperature Measurement
Device—A3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolated
9. Procedure
junction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gas
9.1 Pre-conditioning of the Wood Heater—The wood heater
temperature with an accuracy of 2.2°C (4.0°F) or 0.75% of
must be pre-conditioned before a test series begins.
the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibration
9.1.1 Setupthewoodheaterinaccordancewithinstructions
requirements specified in 8.4.
provided by the manufacturer. The total height of chimney
7.5 Wood Heater Surface Temperature Measuring
whenmeasuredfromthefloorortopoftheplatformscaleshall
Device—A temperature sensor capable of measuring surface
be 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft).
temperatures with an accuracy of 2.2°C (4.0°F) or 0.75% of
9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibration
the center of the flue, 2.6 6 0.15 m (8.5 6 0.5 ft) above the
requirements specified in 8.4.
floor or top of the platform scale. For catalyst-equipped
7.6 Catalytic Combustor Exit Temperature Measuring heaters,installacatalyticcombustorexittemperaturemeasure-
Device—A temperature sensor capable of measuring the tem- mentdeviceatthecentroidofthecatalyticcombustorexitface
perature of the gases exiting the catalytic combustor in a and within 25 mm (1 in.) downstream of the catalytic combus-
catalyst equipped heater with an accuracy of 2.2°C (4.0°F) or tor exit face.
E2780 − 10 (2017)
9.1.3 Operate the wood heater for at least 48 h at a medium fireboxvolumeadjustmentsduetothepresenceoffirebrickand
burn rate as defined in 9.5.1 using fuel meeting the specifica- other permanent fixtures are as follows:
tionsin9.4orwithanytypeofuntreatedwoodwithamoisture (1)Adjust width and length dimensions to extend to the
contentbetween15and25%wetbasis.Thehoursofoperation metalwallofthewoodheaterabovethefirebrickorpermanent
do not need to be continuous. obstruction if the firebrick or obstruction extending the length
of the side(s) or back wall extends less than one third of the
9.1.4 Record the time and weight for all fuel added.
usable firebox height. Use the width or length dimensions
9.1.5 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once during
inside the firebrick if the firebrick extends more than one third
each hour of operation.
of the usable firebox height.
9.1.6 For catalyst-equipped wood heaters, record the hourly
(2)If a log retainer or grate is a permanent fixture and the
catalytic combustor exit temperature.
manufacturer recommends that no fuel be placed outside the
9.1.7 Allow the wood heater to cool to room temperature
retainer, the area outside of the retainer is excluded from the
and remove all unburned wood, charcoal, ash, or other debris
firebox volume calculations.
from the firebox.
(3)Include areas adjacent to and above a baffle (up to two
9.1.8 Clean the chimney using a standard chimney brush
inches above the fuel loading opening) if four inches or more
appropriately sized for the chimney.
horizontal space exist between the edge of the baffle and a
9.2 Install the wood heater in the test facility. vertical obstruction (for example, sidewalls or air channels).
9.2.1 Setupthewoodheaterinaccordancewithinstructions
9.4 Fuel:
provided by the manufacturer. Place the wood heater centrally
9.4.1 Fuel Properties:
on the platform scale. The venting shall consist of single wall
9.4.1.1 Fuel Species—The fuel is untreated, standard, or
pipeextendingto2.4 60.1m(8 60.3ft)abovethetopofthe
better grade certified Douglas fir lumber.
platform scale, and above this level, insulated solid pack type
9.4.1.2 Fuel Moisture—Thefuelmoistureshallbemeasured
chimney extending to 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft) above the
using a fuel moisture meter as specified in 7.1. Moisture shall
platform scale, and of the size specified by the wood heater
not be added to previously dried fuel pieces except by storage
manufacturer. This applies to both freestanding and fireplace
under high humidity conditions and temperature up to 100ºF.
insert type wood heaters. Do not install a chimney cap.
Fuel moisture shall be measured within four hours of using the
9.2.1.1 Other chimney types (for example, solid pack insu-
fuel for a test.
lated pipe) may be used in place of the steel flue pipe if the
wood heater manufacturer’s written appliance specifications
NOTE 2—It has been found that to maintain fuel within the allowable
require such chimney for home installation. moisture content range storage at a relative humidity of 95% or higher
and temperature of 90 to 100ºF is necessary. In addition, storage at these
NOTE 1—The chimney that is used for testing should be documented in
conditions for a period of several weeks results in relatively uniform
the test data and test report.
moisture content throughout the fuel pieces and thus improves the
accuracy of the moisture content measurement.
9.2.2 Locate wood heater surface temperature measuring
(1) Test Fuel Piece Moisture—The average fuel moisture
devices at five locations on the wood heater firebox exterior
for each test fuel piece used to construct the test fuel cribs
surface. Position the temperature monitors centrally on the top
(excluding test fuel spacers) shall be between 19 and 25% dry
surface, on two sidewall surfaces, and on the bottom and back
basis. Kiln-dried lumber is not permitted. Determine the fuel
surfaces. Position the monitor sensing tip on the firebox
moisture for each test fuel piece used for the test fuel crib by
exterior surface inside of any heat shield, air circulation walls,
averaging at least three fuel moisture meter readings, one from
or other wall or shield separated from the firebox exterior
each of three sides, measured parallel to the wood grain. If an
surface.
electrical resistance type fuel moisture meter is used, penetra-
9.2.3 Center the flue outlet (chimney) under the dilution
tion of insulated electrodes shall be ⁄4 the thickness of the fuel
tunnel hood. Refer to Test Method E2515 for specific require-
piece or 19 mm ( ⁄4 in.), whichever is greater.
ments including positioning the flue outlet to meet induced
(2) Test Fuel Spacer Moisture—Determine fuel moisture
draft and smoke capture requirements.
foreachtestfuelspacer.Onemoisturemeterreadingfromeach
9.2.4 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
spacer, measured parallel to the wood grain is sufficient. If an
thecenteroftheflue,2.6 60.15m(8.5 60.5ft)abovethetop
electrical resistance type fuel moisture meter is used, penetra-
of the platform scale. 1
tion of insulated electrodes shall be ⁄4 the thickness of the
spacers.Average all the readings for all the test fuel spacers to
9.3 Usable Firebox Volume Determination:
determine the average test fuel spacer moisture.
9.3.1 Determinethefireboxvolumeusingthedefinitionsfor
firebox height, width, and length in Section 3. Follow the
9.4.1.3 Test Fuel Density—Theaveragetestfueldensity,dry
3 3
manufacturer’s written instructions that are included with the
basis,shallbeintherangeof401to578kg/m (25to36lb/ft )
wood heater for specific recommendations to consumers for
for the test fuel cribs. Nails and test fuel spacers are excluded
where fuel should or should not be placed in the firebox when
fromthedensitydeterminations.Determinethetotalvolumeof
determining usable firebox volume.
the fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel crib. Use the wet
9.3.1.1 In the absence of specific written instructions re- basisweightandthearithmeticallyaverageddrybasismoisture
garding the placement of fuel in the firebox, take into account contenttodeterminethedrybasisweightfortheindividualfuel
reasonable consumer loading practices. Guidelines for usable pieces. Determine dry basis weight for the test fuel pieces that
E2780 − 10 (2017)
comprise the test fuel crib (excluding nails and spacers) by 9.4.1.7 Nails—Use uncoated, un-galvanized nails for as-
summingthedrybasisweightoftheindividualfuelpiecesthat sembling the attaching test fuel spacers to the test fuel pieces.
comprise the crib. Divide the dry basis weight by the volume The number of nails used should be limited to the minimum
to determine the density. number necessary to hold the test fuel spacers to the test fuel
9.4.1.4 Fuel Temperature—The test fuel temperature shall pieces.
be within the allowable test facility temperature range as in 9.4.1.8 Test Fuel Crib Weight (dry basis)—Determine the
accordance with Test Method E2515. The fuel temperature total dry basis fuel weight by summing the dry basis weight of
may be determined by measuring the temperature of the room theindividualtestfuelpiecesandcombineddrybasisweightof
where the test fuel has been stored for at least 24 h prior to the the test fuel spacers that comprise the test fuel crib (without
fuel moisture determination. nails).
9.4.1.5 Thetestfuelcribloadingdensityshallbe112 611.2 9.4.1.9 Attach the test fuel spacers to the test fuel pieces
3 3
kg/m (7 6 0.7 lb/ft ) of usable firebox volume on a wet basis. with nails in accordance with 9.4.1.7 as illustrated in Fig. 1.
9.4.1.6 Fuel Dimensions—The cross-sectional dimensions Attachment of test fuel spacers to the top of the test fuel
of each test fuel piece shall conform to the nominal measure- piece(s) that comprise the top layer of the test fuel crib is
ments of2×4and4×4 lumber. Each test fuel piece (not optional.
including spacers) shall be of equal length, except as provided 9.4.1.10 To avoid stacking difficulties, or when a whole
in9.4.1.10,andshallcloselyapproximate ⁄6thedimensionsof number of test fuel pieces does not result, all piece lengths
the firebox length.Alternatively, the shape of the test fuel crib shall be adjusted uniformly to remain within the specified
may be geometrically similar to the shape of the firebox loading density.
volume without resorting to special angular or round cuts on 9.4.1.11 Test Fuel Crib Weight (wet basis)—Recordthetotal
the individual fuel pieces. weight (wet basis) of the test fuel crib after it is assembled
(1)The fuel piece composition of the test fuel crib shall be (including nails and spacers) using the test fuel scale specified
determined in relation to the appliance’s firebox volume in 8.3. The weighed test fuel crib must be used within3hof
according to guidelines listed below: being weighed.
(a)If the usable firebox volume is less than or equal to
9.5 Burn Rates:
3 3
0.043 m (1.5 ft),useonly2×4 lumber.
9.5.1 Burn Rate Categories—One emission test run is re-
(b) If the usable firebox volume is greater than
quired in each of the following burn rate categories:
3 3 3 3
0.043m (1.5 ft ) and less than or equal to 0.085 m (3.0 ft ),
use2×4and4×4 lumber. From 35 to 65% of the weight of
TABLE 1 Burn Rate Categories
thetestfuelcribincludingspacersshallbe2×4lumberandthe
Average kg/h (lb/h), Dry Basis
remainder shall be4×4 lumber.
Low Medium Maximum
(c) If the usable firebox volume is greater than
A
0.60 to 1.15 1.16 to 1.75 Maximum
3 3
A
(1.32 to 2.54)
0.085m (3.0 ft),useonly4×4 lumber. (2.55 to 3.86) burn rate
A
(2) Test Fuel Spacer—The test fuel spacers shall be 130 ×
Burn rates < 0.6 kg/h (1.32 lb/h) are allowed but not required.
40 × 20 mm (5 × 1.5 × 0.75 in.).
FIG. 1 Test Fuel Spacer Attachment
E2780 − 10 (2017)
TABLE 2 Alternative Burn Rate Categories
above 1.15 kg/h when the combustion air control(s) were
% of Maximum Burn Rate adjusted to the lowest operating setting(s) in accordance with
Low Medium Maximum
9.5.1.2(1).
A
18 to 35 36 to 53 100
9.5.1.4 If a wood heater tested using Table 2, cannot be
A
Burn rates < 18 % of maximum are allowed but not required.
operated at a burn rate below 35% of the maximum burn rate,
theflueshallbedamperedinordertoachieveoneaverageburn
rate test run at or below 35% of the maximum burn rate.
9.5.1.1 Maximum Burn Rate—For the Maximum Category,
Additionally, if flue dampering must be used to achieve burn
the wood heater shall be operated with the combustion air
rates below 35% of the maximum burn rate results from any
control(s) set to achieve the maximum possible burn rate
test run conducted at a burn rate below 25% of the maximum
during the entire test run (or, if thermostatically controlled, the
burn rate need not be reported or included in the test run
thermostat shall be set at maximum heat output setting at the
weighted average provided that such results are replaced with
start of the test run and shall be allowed to operate normally
results from a test run meeting the criteria above.
during the test run).
(1)Evidence that a wood heater cannot be operated at a
9.5.1.2 Other Burn Rate Categories:
burn rate less than 35% of the maximum burn rate shall
(1)For burn rates in the low category, the combustion air
include documentation of two or more test runs demonstrating
control(s)orothermechanicalcontroldeviceshallbesetatthe
that the burn rates were above 35% of the maximum burn
minimum operating setting(s) other than fully off. The mini-
whenthecombustionaircontrol(s)wereadjustedtothelowest
mum operating setting(s) is the lowest possible operating
possible operating setting(s) in accordance with 9.5.1.2(1).
position(s) or at the combustion air control stop, whichever is
9.5.2 Pre-burn Ignition—Build a fire in the wood heater in
applicable. If the resultant burn rate is less than 0.6 kg/h (1.32
accordance with the manufacturer’s written instructions.
lb/h) when using Table 1 or less than 18% of the maximum
9.5.2.1 Pre-burn Fuel Charge—Crumpled newspaper and
burnratewhenusingTable2,thetestrunmaybereplacedwith
kindling may be used to help ignite the pre-burn fuel. The
a test run with a burn rate that is less than or equal to 0.8 kg/h
pre-burn fuel, used to sustain the fire and establish the pre-test
(1.76 lb/h) when using Table 1 or less than 24% of the
run charcoal bed, shall meet the same fuel requirements
maximum burn rate when using Table 2. Results from any test
prescribed in 9.4.
run conducted at a burn rate below the minimum burn rate
range as defined in Table 1 or Table 2, as applicable, shall be
9.5.3 Wood Heater Operation and Adjustments—Set the
reported or but need not be included in the test run weighted
combustion air control(s) at any position that will maintain
average provided that such results are replaced with results
combustion of the pre-burn fuel load.At least one hour before
from a test run meeting the criteria above.
the start of the test run, set the combustion air control(s) at the
(2)For test runs in the medium category, the wood heater
approximate positions necessary to achieve the burn rate
shall be operated with the combustion air control(s), or other
desired for the test run. Adjustment of the combustion air
mechanical control device, set at a predetermined position
control(s), fuel addition or subtractions, and coal bed raking
necessary to obtain the average burn rate required for the
shall be kept to a minimum but are allowed up to 15 min prior
category.
tothestartofthetestrun.Forthepurposesofthismethod,coal
(3)For heaters with automatic controls, the controls may
bed raking is the use of a metal tool (poker) to stir coals, break
beallowedtofunctioninamannerconsistentwiththeowner’s
burning fuel pieces into smaller pieces, dislodge fuel pieces
manual and with normal operation in a home as long as the
frompositionsofpoorcombustion,andcheckforthecondition
required burn rate categories in accordance with 9.5.1 are
ofuniformcharcoalization.Recordalladjustmentsmadetothe
achieved. The test laboratory shall document the procedures
combustion air control(s), adjustments to and additions or
used to achieve the burn rates.
subtractions of fuel, and any other changes to wood heater
(4)The results from test runs that fall above the definition
operation
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