ASTM C1026-13(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile to Freeze-Thaw Cycling
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile to Freeze-Thaw Cycling
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifications for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being manufactured for exterior installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic or glass tiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1026 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile to
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope cycles is recorded and after 300 cycles, the test load is visually
examined for damage and checked for total weight loss.
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equip-
mentrequiredtotesteitherglazedorunglazedceramicorglass
4. Significance and Use
tiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing.
4.1 Thetestforresistancetofreezingandthawingfunctions
Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.
asaguidetotheselectionofceramicandglasstilessuitablefor
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifi-
information only.
cations for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test
for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
manufactured for exterior installations.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5.1 Freezing Chamber. The freezing chamber for this test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
methodmaybeofanytypeprovidedithasthecapacitytocool
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
1 1
the test load to 27 6 ⁄2 °F (-3 6 ⁄4 °C) within a period of 3
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to 6 h. By adjusting the mass of the test load, any freezer can
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
be used in this test as long as a 3- to 6-h period to reach 27 6
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1 1
⁄2 °F (-3 6 ⁄4 °C) is achieved. See Figs. 1 and 2.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 5.2 Freezing Container. Afreezing container of such design
andshapethatitfitsinsidethefreezingchamberandwillallow
2. Referenced Documents
the test specimens to be laid flat on a tile support rack at the
bottom of the container. The freezing container may be of any
2.1 ASTM Standards:
convenient size or shape (a stainless steel sink works well). It
C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
must have a low point in which the thermocouple can be
Products
securely located such that the water around the thermocouple
freezes last (typically near the bottom center of the container).
3. Summary of Test Method
The water level inside the container is maintained throughout
3.1 Adesignatedtestloadoftilespecimensissaturatedwith
the test by adjusting the height of an overflow drain. See Fig.
water prior to being placed face-up in a metal water-filled
3.
container inside a freezer.The water level is adjusted such that
5.3 Tile Support Rack. Arack capable of supporting the test
the tile specimens are partially submerged. A thermocouple is
specimensaminimumof ⁄4in.(6mm)abovethebottomofthe
inserted into the bottom of the metal container such that the
water surrounding the thermocouple is the last location to freezing container in a consistent, level manner. It should be
rustproof,unaffectedbyfreeze/thawcyclingandwithsufficient
freezeandthaw.Freezingisfollowedbyathawingcycleusing
water that flows over the test load. The number of freeze-thaw openings that the thawing water passes easily over and around
the frozen tile specimens during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 4.
5.4 Water Reservoir. A reservoir of sufficient volume, in
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
which water is maintained at a temperature of 60 6 20°F (16
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
611°C)andusedtoraisethetemperatureofthetestloadto40
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
1 1
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally
6 ⁄2 °F (5 6 ⁄4 °C) during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 5.
published in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1026–13. DOI:
5.5 Water Pump. A low-pressure water pump of sufficient
10.1520/C1026-13R18.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02. capacity to pump water from the water reservoir into the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 1 Freezing Chamber, Front View
freezing chamber in such manner that it can flood water over container. Holes ⁄8 in. (3 mm) in diameter are drilled in the
thetestload.Afloworpressurereductionvalvemayneedtobe
bottom of the flooding assembly. Holes ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in
installedbetweenthewaterpumpandthefloodingassemblyto
diameter are drilled in the top to maintain the flow of water in
prevent spraying. See Fig. 6.
the event the bottom holes become frozen. No holes shall be
drilled in the flooding assembly which would allow water to
5.6 Flooding Assembly. PVC pipe or similar which as-
fall directly on the thermocouple. See Figs. 7-9.
sembled to spread thawing water throughout the freezing
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 2 Freezing Chamber, Top View
Includes Inlet Hose from Water Pump and Control Box Housing the Temperature Controller and Cycle Counter
FIG. 3 Freezing Container
Includes Low Point for the Thermocouple and Adjustable Overflow Drain in the Corner
5.7 Controller. A device capable of receiving input from a ( ⁄4 °C).The controller must have an electric relay triggered by
thermocouple and accurately measuring and displaying the
temperatureofthewateraroundthethermocouplewithin ⁄2°F
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 4 Freezing Container with Tile Support Rack Installed
FIG. 5 Water Reservoir, Includes Water Line Which Goes Through the Top of the Freezer
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 6 Water Pump
FIG. 7 Flooding Assembly, Bottom View
change in temperature to engage and disengage the water 5.11 Test Water. Deionized water shall be used for the
pump and to record how many freeze thaw cycles have been saturation procedure, and potable water shall be used for the
completed. freezing and thawing.
5.8 Th
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1026 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile to
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope cycles is recorded and after 300 cycles, the test load is visually
examined for damage and checked for total weight loss.
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equip-
ment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic or glass
4. Significance and Use
tiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing.
4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions
Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.
as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifi-
information only.
cations for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test
for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
manufactured for exterior installations.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5.1 Freezing Chamber. The freezing chamber for this test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
method may be of any type provided it has the capacity to cool
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
1 1
the test load to 27 6 ⁄2 °F (-3 6 ⁄4 °C) within a period of 3
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to 6 h. By adjusting the mass of the test load, any freezer can
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
be used in this test as long as a 3- to 6-h period to reach 27 6
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1 1
⁄2 °F (-3 6 ⁄4 °C) is achieved. See Figs. 1 and 2.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.2 Freezing Container. A freezing container of such design
and shape that it fits inside the freezing chamber and will allow
2. Referenced Documents
the test specimens to be laid flat on a tile support rack at the
bottom of the container. The freezing container may be of any
2.1 ASTM Standards:
convenient size or shape (a stainless steel sink works well). It
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
must have a low point in which the thermocouple can be
Products
securely located such that the water around the thermocouple
3. Summary of Test Method freezes last (typically near the bottom center of the container).
The water level inside the container is maintained throughout
3.1 A designated test load of tile specimens is saturated with
the test by adjusting the height of an overflow drain. See Fig.
water prior to being placed face-up in a metal water-filled
3.
container inside a freezer. The water level is adjusted such that
5.3 Tile Support Rack. A rack capable of supporting the test
the tile specimens are partially submerged. A thermocouple is
inserted into the bottom of the metal container such that the specimens a minimum of ⁄4 in. (6 mm) above the bottom of the
freezing container in a consistent, level manner. It should be
water surrounding the thermocouple is the last location to
freeze and thaw. Freezing is followed by a thawing cycle using rustproof, unaffected by freeze/thaw cycling and with sufficient
openings that the thawing water passes easily over and around
water that flows over the test load. The number of freeze-thaw
the frozen tile specimens during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 4.
5.4 Water Reservoir. A reservoir of sufficient volume, in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
which water is maintained at a temperature of 60 6 20°F (16
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
6 11°C) and used to raise the temperature of the test load to 40
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
1 1
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally 6 ⁄2 °F (5 6 ⁄4 °C) during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 5.
published in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1026 – 13. DOI:
5.5 Water Pump. A low-pressure water pump of sufficient
10.1520/C1026-13R18.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02. capacity to pump water from the water reservoir into the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 1 Freezing Chamber, Front View
freezing chamber in such manner that it can flood water over container. Holes ⁄8 in. (3 mm) in diameter are drilled in the
the test load. A flow or pressure reduction valve may need to be bottom of the flooding assembly. Holes ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in
installed between the water pump and the flooding assembly to
diameter are drilled in the top to maintain the flow of water in
prevent spraying. See Fig. 6.
the event the bottom holes become frozen. No holes shall be
drilled in the flooding assembly which would allow water to
5.6 Flooding Assembly. PVC pipe or similar which as-
fall directly on the thermocouple. See Figs. 7-9.
sembled to spread thawing water throughout the freezing
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 2 Freezing Chamber, Top View
Includes Inlet Hose from Water Pump and Control Box Housing the Temperature Controller and Cycle Counter
FIG. 3 Freezing Container
Includes Low Point for the Thermocouple and Adjustable Overflow Drain in the Corner
5.7 Controller. A device capable of receiving input from a ( ⁄4 °C). The controller must have an electric relay triggered by
thermocouple and accurately measuring and displaying the
temperature of the water around the thermocouple within ⁄2 °F
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 4 Freezing Container with Tile Support Rack Installed
FIG. 5 Water Reservoir, Includes Water Line Which Goes Through the Top of the Freezer
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 6 Water Pump
FIG. 7 Flooding Assembly, Bottom View
change in temperature to engage and disengage the water 5.11 Test Water. Deionized water shall be used for the
pump and to record how many freeze thaw cycles have been saturation procedure, and potable water shall be used for the
completed. freezing and thawing.
5.8 Thermocouple. A thermocouple calibrated to 27°F
5.12 Weighing Instrument. A scale of ade
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1026 − 13 C1026 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile to
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic or glass tiles
for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A designated test load of tile specimens is saturated with water prior to being placed face-up in a metal water-filled container
inside a freezer. The water level is adjusted such that the tile specimens are partially submerged. A thermocouple is inserted into
the bottom of the metal container such that the water surrounding the thermocouple is the last location to freeze and thaw. Freezing
is followed by a thawing cycle using water that flows over the test load. The number of freeze-thaw cycles is recorded and after
300 cycles, the test load is visually examined for damage and checked for total weight loss.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for
outdoor service in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifications
for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles being manufactured for
exterior installations.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Freezing Chamber. The freezing chamber for this test method may be of any type provided it has the capacity to cool the
1 1
test load to 27 6 ⁄2 °F (-3 6 ⁄4 °C) within a period of 3 to 6 h. By adjusting the mass of the test load, any freezer can be used
1 1
in this test as long as a 3- to 6-h period to reach 27 6 ⁄2 °F (-3 6 ⁄4 °C) is achieved. See Figs. 1 and 2.
5.2 Freezing Container. A freezing container of such design and shape that it fits inside the freezing chamber and will allow
the test specimens to be laid flat on a tile support rack at the bottom of the container. The freezing container may be of any
convenient size or shape (a stainless steel sink works well). It must have a low point in which the thermocouple can be securely
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved March 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2018. Published April 2013February 2018. Originally published in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20102013 as
C1026 – 10.C1026 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1026-13.10.1520/C1026-13R18.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 1 Freezing Chamber, Front View
located such that the water around the thermocouple freezes last (typically near the bottom center of the container). The water level
inside the container is maintained throughout the test by adjusting the height of an overflow drain. See Fig. 3.
5.3 Tile Support Rack. A rack capable of supporting the test specimens a minimum of ⁄4 in. (6 mm) above the bottom of the
freezing container in a consistent, level manner. It should be rustproof, unaffected by freeze/thaw cycling and with sufficient
openings that the thawing water passes easily over and around the frozen tile specimens during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 4.
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 2 Freezing Chamber, Top View
Includes Inlet Hose from Water Pump and Control Box Housing the Temperature Controller and Cycle Counter
FIG. 3 Freezing Container
Includes Low Point for the Thermocouple and Adjustable Overflow Drain in the Corner
5.4 Water Reservoir. A reservoir of sufficient volume, in which water is maintained at a temperature of 60 6 20°F (16 6 11°C)
1 1
and used to raise the temperature of the test load to 40 6 ⁄2 °F (5 6 ⁄4 °C) during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 5.
C1026 − 13 (2018)
FIG. 4 Freezing Container with Tile Support Rack Installed
FIG. 5 Water Reservoir, Includes Water Line Which Goes Through the Top of the Freezer
C1026 − 13 (2018)
5.5 Water Pump. A low-pressure water pump of sufficient capacity to pump water from the water reservoir into the freezing
chamber in such manner that it can flood water over the test load. A flow or pressure reduction valve may need to be installed
between the water pump and the flooding assembly to prevent spraying. See Fig. 6.
5.6 Flooding Assembly. PVC pipe or similar which assembled to spread thawing water throughout the freezing container. Holes
1 1
⁄8 in. (3 mm) in diameter are drilled in the bottom of the flooding assembly. Holes ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in diameter are drilled in the
top to maintain the flow of water in the event the bottom holes become frozen. No holes shall be drilled in the flooding assembly
which would allow water to fall directly on the thermocouple. See Figs. 7-9.
5.7 Controller. A device capable of receiving input from a thermocouple and accurately measuring and displaying the
1 1
temperature of the water around the thermocouple within ⁄2 °F ( ⁄4 °C). The controller must have an electric relay triggered by
change in temperature to engage and disengage the water pump and to record how many freeze thaw cycles have been completed.
5.8 Thermocouple. A thermocouple calibrated to 27°F (-3°C) against a thermometer of known accuracy.
5.9 Oven. An oven capable of maintaining a temperature
...
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